Momwe Mungabwezeretserenso Rare Earth Motors Kukula kwabwino kwa migodi yakumizinda

Kufunika Kwa Kukula Kwa Migodi Yakumidzi Pakukweza Ubwino mu Rare Earth Motor Recycling

Ngakhale kuti zinthu zachilengedwe za padziko lapansi zikucheperachepera, “chitsime” chapadera cha zinyalala za m’tauni chikukulirakulirabe, ndipo mizinda yakhala malo olemera kwambiri okhala ndi zinthu zambiri m’chitaganya cha anthu. Zida zochotsedwa pansi zikusonkhanitsidwa pamodzi m'mizinda ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zopangidwa, ndipo zotsalira zomwe zimakhalapo kumapeto kwa ntchito yowononga zasintha mizinda kukhala mtundu wina wa "wanga". Malinga ndi zomwe bungwe la US Geological Survey (USGS) lidatulutsa mu 2023, nkhokwe zapadziko lapansi zomwe zidapezeka ku China ndi 35.2% yapadziko lonse lapansi, migodi ndi 58% yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo 65% yapadziko lonse lapansi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosowa. woyamba padziko lonse mu mbali zonse zitatu. China ndi dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi opanga, kutumiza kunja, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zosowa zapadziko lapansi, zomwe zili ndi udindo waukulu. Zinthu zambiri zapadziko lapansi zomwe zasowa zalowa m'mbali zonse zamakampani. Zambiri kuchokera ku Huajing Industrial Research Institute zikuwonetsa kuti zida za maginito osowa padziko lapansi zidapitilira 42% ya zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ku China mu 2023, ndipo zambiri mwazinthuzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto amagetsi atsopano ndi mawilo amagetsi awiri.

Migodi yamatauni ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, magwero ochuluka, malo osungiramo zinthu zambiri, ndi magiredi apamwamba omwe sitingawayerekeze ndi migodi yachilengedwe. Malinga ndi lipoti la United Nations la "2020 Global E-waste Detection", chiwopsezo chonse chapadziko lonse lapansi chafika matani 53.6 miliyoni mu 2019, pomwe 82.6% idatayidwa kapena kuwotchedwa popanda kukonzanso. Zikuyembekezeka kuti padziko lonse lapansi e-waste mu 2030 idzafika matani 74.7 miliyoni. Ma motors osowa padziko lapansi omwe amawonongeka m'magalimoto atsopano amagetsi ndi magalimoto amagetsi amagetsi awiri (kuphatikiza njinga zamoto zamagetsi, njinga zamagetsi, ma scooters amagetsi) ali ndi zida zoyera kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi ore, giredi, ndi zinthu zomwe sizipezeka padziko lapansi zomwe zimafanana ndi zosowa zapadziko lapansi. Amayimira migodi yeniyeni yosowa padziko lapansi. Ma Rare Earths, monga gwero losawonjezedwanso, ali ndi kufunikira kofunikira pakubwezeretsa bwino komanso kubwezeretsanso chitukuko chachuma padziko lonse lapansi.

Malinga ndi EVTank, bungwe lofufuza zamsika, kutumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi kwa mawilo awiri amagetsi kunafika mayunitsi 67.4 miliyoni mu 2023. China idawerengera 81.9% ya malonda apadziko lonse lapansi amagetsi amagetsi awiri, Europe kwa 9.2%, ndi zigawo zina za 8.9 %. Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2023, eni ake a magalimoto amagetsi aku China adafika pafupifupi 400 miliyoni, pomwe mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene monga Vietnam, India, ndi Indonesia alinso ndi umwini wamagalimoto amagetsi awiri. Magalimoto amphamvu padziko lonse lapansi adakumana ndi zaka ziwiri zapitazi, pomwe malonda adafikira pafupifupi mayunitsi miliyoni 10 mu 2022 ndi mayunitsi 14.653 miliyoni mu 2023. malonda padziko lonse. Mwiniwake wa magalimoto amphamvu padziko lonse lapansi mu 2023 wafika pafupifupi mayunitsi 400 miliyoni, pomwe mayunitsi 40 miliyoni amakhala magalimoto amagetsi atsopano. Akuyembekezeka kukula pamlingo wapachaka wa 23% pakati pa 2023 ndi 2035, kufikira mayunitsi 245 miliyoni mu 2030 ndikuwonjezereka mpaka mayunitsi 505 miliyoni mu 2035. Kukula kwachangu kukufulumira. Malinga ndi European Automobile Manufacturers 'Association (EAMA), mu 2023, magalimoto onyamula magetsi okwana 3.009 miliyoni adalembetsedwa m'maiko 31 aku Europe, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi 16.2%, ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto atsopano a 23.4% . Bungwe la Alliance for Automotive Innovation (AAI) linanena kuti kugulitsa magalimoto opepuka aku US m'magawo atatu oyambirira a 2023 kunali mayunitsi 1.038 miliyoni, kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi 59%. Deta ya Starting Point Research Institute (SPIR) ikuneneratu kuti kuchuluka kwa magalimoto olowera padziko lonse lapansi kudzafika 56.2% mu 2030, pomwe China mphamvu yatsopano yolowera magalimoto ifika 78%, Europe 70%, US 52%, ndi mayiko ena. '30%. Pali mizinda yokhala ndi migodi ya m'matauni yomwe siidzatha, ndipo kutukuka kwa migodi yosowa m'matauni ndikofunikira kwanthawi yayitali pakuwongolera chilengedwe, kupeza mphamvu zamitengo padziko lonse lapansi, komanso kulimbikitsa chitukuko chapamwamba chachuma cha padziko lonse lapansi. .

Padziko lonse lapansi, msika wobwezeretsanso ma motors ogwiritsidwa ntchito osowa padziko lapansi uli ndi kuthekera kwakukulu. Malinga ndi bungwe lofufuza zamsika la SNE Research, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amagetsi atsopano padziko lonse lapansi akuyembekezeka kukwera kuchokera pa 560,000 mu 2025 kufika pa 4.11 miliyoni mu 2030, 17.84 miliyoni mu 2035, ndi 42.77 miliyoni mu 2040.

(1) Kufulumizitsa kusintha kukhala wobiriwira, wozungulira, ndi wa carbon low.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu zachikhalidwe kumaphatikizapo kuyenda kwa njira imodzi kuchokera pakupanga kupita ku njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndipo pamapeto pake kuwononga. Chiphunzitso cha chuma chozungulira chimayambitsa njira yatsopano yogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo mwa kutembenuza njira imodzi iyi kukhala njira ziwiri. Kukula kwa migodi ya m'tauni kumatsutsa njira yakale yopezera zinthu ndipo imayimira njira ziwiri. Pobweza zinyalala, sikungochepetsa zinyalala ndikuwonjezera zinthu komanso kumabweretsa mwayi watsopano wotukuka m'matauni kudzera munjira yochepetsera ndi kukulitsa.

Migodi yachilengedwe imatulutsa zinyalala zambiri chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zinthu komanso kupanikizika kwa chilengedwe. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kutukuka kwa migodi ya m’tauni yomwe ikukula mofulumira, yoyera kwambiri, yotsika mtengo sikungothetsa kufunika kofufuza, migodi, ndi kukonzanso nthaka komanso kumachepetsa kwambiri kuwononga zinyalala. Kusintha kumeneku kumasintha kukula kwa mzere wa "mining-smelting-manufacturing-waste" kukhala njira yozungulira yachitukuko cha "zothandizira-zazinthu-zinyalala-zowonongeka". Kuchulukirachulukira kwa magalimoto otayidwa amagetsi ndi magalimoto amagetsi a mawilo awiri pachaka kumathandizira kukula kwa nkhokwe za migodi ya m'matauni. Kubwezeretsanso migodi yosowa kwambiri imeneyi kumagwirizana ndi mfundo zachitukuko zobiriwira, monga kasungidwe ka zinthu, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.

(2) Kubwezeretsanso zinthu kuti zisungidwe bwino

Momwe mungadziwire kubwezerezedwanso kwa strategic mineral resources kumathandizira pakukula kwachuma kwanthawi yayitali padziko lonse lapansi. Kuchuluka kwa zitsulo, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, ndi zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe sizipezeka m'migodi ya m'matauni ndizokwera mowirikiza kambirimbiri kapena mazanamazana kuposa za miyala yachilengedwe. Zosowa zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimapezeka m'migodi ya m'tawuni zimasunga masitepe a migodi, kupindula, kusungunula, ndi kulekanitsa miyala yaiwisi ya nthaka. Njira yachikhalidwe yosungunula nthaka yosowa imafuna luso komanso ndalama zambiri. Kupanga migodi ya m'tauni kuti itulutse zinthu za zitsulo zosowa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi zitsulo zosowa kwambiri za maginito kuchokera ku magalimoto onyamulira mphamvu zatsopano ndi mawilo amagetsi amagetsi awiri pamtengo wotsika ndikofunika kwambiri poteteza chuma chosowa padziko lonse lapansi ndikusunga chitukuko chachuma padziko lonse lapansi.

Wapakati wamagetsi wamagalimoto amagetsi awiri amafunikira 0.4-2kg ya maginito osowa padziko lapansi ndi 0.1-0.6kg ya zinthu za praseodymium. China imataya magalimoto opitilira 60 miliyoni amagetsi amawilo awiri pachaka, pomwe matani pafupifupi 25,000 a maginito osowa padziko lapansi amatha kupezedwa, amtengo wapatali pafupifupi 10 biliyoni. Kuchiraku kumaphatikizaponso matani 7,000 a zinthu zachilendo za praseodymium ndi neodymium, zamtengo wapatali pa 2.66 biliyoni ya yuan (kutengera mtengo wa praseodymium-neodymium oxide pa 38 miliyoni yuan/ton kuyambira pa Julayi 1, 2024). Galimoto iliyonse yatsopano yamagetsi imafuna pafupifupi 25kg ya maginito osowa padziko lapansi, 6.25kg ya praseodymium ndi neodymium, ndi 0.5kg ya dysprosium. Magalimoto atsopano okwana 560,000 omwe akuyembekezeka kuthetsedwa mu 2025 adzakhala ndi matani 12,500 a maginito osowa padziko lapansi, matani 3,500 a praseodymium ndi neodymium, amtengo wapatali pa yuan 1.33 biliyoni, ndi matani 250 a dysprosium 46 miliyoni pamtengo wamtengo wapatali wa 467 miliyoni. dysprosium oxide pa 1.87 miliyoni yuan kuyambira pa Julayi 1, 2024). Izi zikuyimira kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa maginito padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2023, China idakhazikitsa cholinga chowongolera migodi yapadziko lapansi ya matani 255,000, ndi kuthekera kochotsa ndikubwezeretsanso 30-40% ya zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa kuchokera kumagetsi amagetsi awiri ndi magalimoto amagetsi atsopano, ofanana ndi kuchuluka kwaposachedwa kwamigodi ku China. migodi osowa.

Zikuyembekezeka kuti magalimoto amagetsi atsopano okwana 42.77 miliyoni omwe adachotsedwa mu 2040 azikhala ndi matani 1.07 miliyoni a maginito osowa padziko lapansi, matani 267,000 a zinthu za praseodymium-neodymium, ndi matani 21,400 a zinthu za dysprosium. Ndalamayi ndi yochuluka kwambiri kuposa kuchuluka kwa migodi yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe ili yosowa kwambiri. Kupititsa patsogolo kumeneku kudzakwaniritsa cholinga chosungira zinthu zomwe sizingangowonjezedwanso.

(1) Kupititsa patsogolo thanzi la anthu

Mzindawu wokonda zachilengedwe ndi chitsanzo cha kasungidwe ka carbon wochepa, komanso zachilengedwe. Komabe, zenizeni za zinyalala zozungulira mzindawu komanso kutayidwa kwa magalimoto amagetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe ali ndi zinthu zovulaza chilengedwe komanso thupi la munthu, zikuvutitsabe. Nkhani imeneyi imakhudza moyo wa anthu. Kukula kwa migodi ya m'tauni sikungothetsa zoopsa za zinyalala ku chilengedwe ndi thupi la munthu komanso kumatsimikizira thanzi ndi chitetezo cha zachilengedwe zakumidzi. Kuphatikiza apo, imafulumizitsa kukwaniritsidwa kwa kukhalirana kogwirizana pakati pa munthu ndi chilengedwe.

2.Mavuto Akukumana ndi Kukula kwa Migodi Yakumidzi

Kubiriwira ndi kutulutsa mpweya wa chitukuko cha zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko chapamwamba. Dziko la China lakonza mfundo ndi njira zambiri zoyendetsera migodi ya m’tauni. Lathandiziranso kasamalidwe ka zinyalala za mutauni ndi zowononga zatsopano mokwanira komanso kudzera munjira zosiyanasiyana pokonzekera ziwonetsero za migodi ndi zochitika zina. Dziko la China lalimbikitsa kufalikira kwa migodi ya m'matauni, komanso kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwake komanso kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka zinthu. Komabe, pali zovuta zambiri pakukhazikitsa njira yotetezedwa yotetezedwa ndikulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito chuma mwachuma komanso mozama.

(1) Kusaganizira mokwanira za chitukuko cha migodi m’tauni

Migodi wamba ikuchitika ndi makampani migodi m'madera enaake migodi, ndi kugawa chuma mu migodi m'tauni ndi zambiri decentralized. Inertia yachititsa kuti makampani ambiri aziganizira kwambiri za kuchepa kwa migodi yachirengedwe komanso kuyika ndalama pa kafukufuku wodula komanso kupanga matekinoloje atsopano. Zambiri mwazinthu zamchere zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito padziko lapansi sizikhalanso pansi pa nthaka koma zimawunjikidwa pamwamba monga "manda agalimoto, "manda achitsulo, "zinyalala zamagetsi, ndi zinyalala zina. Migodi ya m'tawuni ndi migodi yachikhalidwe ndi mitundu yosiyana kwambiri ya migodi. Kukumba sikulinso za migodi ya pansi pa nthaka ndi kukumba, koma za kuphwanya zinyalala, kugawa, ndi kuchotsa zitsulo, mapulasitiki, ndi zipangizo zina zobwezeretsedwanso Ogwira ntchito m'migodi amangofunika kuyika zinyalala kuti amalize kusonkhanitsa koyambirira kwa mgodi ndizotheka, koma kuzindikira kufunikira kwenikweni kwa migodiyi komanso kufunika kwa migodi kungapangitse kuti mabizinesi agwiritsidwe ntchito mokwanira ziyenera kukhala maziko amalingaliro a chitukuko chapamwamba cha chuma cha dziko.

● Ma network osakwanira otumizira ndi kutaya

Mizinda ya migodi imagwetsa mgodi popanda chilolezo cha boma kufotokoza kukula kwa migodi ndi nthawi yake. Chifukwa chake, kusonkhanitsa, kugawa, kusamutsa, ndi kutaya zinyalala kumakhudza mwachindunji kukhazikika kwazinthu zopangira bizinesi. Kusakwanira kwaukadaulo wakugwetsa kumapangitsa mabizinesi kusalabadira zobwezeretsanso zotayidwa zamagalimoto. Nzika zina zimayamba kugulitsa njinga zamagetsi zotayidwa kwa mavenda am'manja chifukwa chosowa njira zobwezeretsanso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ogula achinsinsi akhale otolera. Kuphatikiza apo, kubwezereranso zida zamagetsi zotayika, mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya zinyalala, kugwetsa ndi kukonzanso magalimoto otayika kumafuna ziyeneretso zoyenera chifukwa chodalira kwambiri umisiri watsopano. Zikuwonekeratu kuti kukulitsa chidziwitso cha anthu, kupititsa patsogolo njira zobwezeretsanso, komanso kukweza mabizinesi kuti akhale okhazikika ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuthana ndi vuto la mabungwe amwazikana omwe angobwezanso zinthu.

3.Maganizo Atsopano a Chitukuko cha Migodi ya Mizinda

Phindu lachitukuko cha migodi ya m'tauni chimadalira zonse zomwe zilipo panopa za zinyalala komanso kuwonjezeka kwamtsogolo ndi kukula kwake. Pofika kumapeto kwa 2021, padzakhala mizinda 17 padziko lapansi yokhala ndi anthu opitilira 10 miliyoni, mizinda 113 ku China yokhala ndi anthu opitilira 1 miliyoni. Magalimoto amagetsi atsopano ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto otayika adzakula nthawi imodzi. Choncho, nkofunika kupitiriza kufufuza ndi kupanga zatsopano pofuna kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha migodi ya m'tawuni ndikulimbikitsa chitukuko chapamwamba.

● Thandizo la ndondomeko ndi kayendetsedwe ka sayansi

China, monga ogula magalimoto amagetsi atsopano ndi mawilo awiri amagetsi, ikuzindikira cholinga cha chitukuko cha migodi ya m'tauni kuti ithandize anthu, mafakitale, ndi anthu. Kupindula kumeneku sikungasiyanitsidwe ndi thandizo la ndondomeko za dziko, ndondomeko yokwanira ya malamulo ndi malamulo, komanso kufunikira kwa kayendetsedwe ka sayansi. Mu 1976, dziko la United States linakhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo la Solid Waste Disposal Act, ndipo mu 1989, California inapereka lamulo la Comprehensive Waste Management Ordinance. Kupyolera mu ndondomeko zokhwima ndi zowongolera, phindu la makampani opanga mphamvu zowonjezera ku US lafika pafupi ndi makampani a magalimoto. Kutenga maphunziro kuchokera ku zomwe ena akumana nazo komanso kutsatira malingaliro apamwamba a kasamalidwe kungapangitse chidwi cha bizinesi. Ndondomeko zabwino zitha kulimbikitsa luso laukadaulo, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopano popanga zinthu zoteteza zachilengedwe, ndikuchepetsa magwero. Ndikofunikira kulimbikitsa makampeni odziwitsa anthu, kulimbikitsa kadyedwe kabwino, komanso kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zobwezeretsanso zinyalala. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchulukitsa ndalama pakufufuza zakutaya zinyalala ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo, kulimbikitsa mabizinesi abizinesi ndi akunja, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kumathandizira kutukuka kwa migodi ya m'tauni, yomwe ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pachitukuko chokhazikika.

(2) Lingaliro lachitukuko chobiriwira limatsogolera chitukuko cha matekinoloje atsopano.

Njira yachitukuko chobiriwira ikuyimira kusintha kwakukulu pamalingaliro achitukuko, pomwe chuma, chitetezo cha chilengedwe, ndi zopinga zina zimakhala ngati zida zatsopano zoyendetsera migodi yakumizinda. Imawonanso zida zosowa, zovuta kuziyeretsa, komanso zamtengo wapatali monga mwayi ndi zovuta. Mabizinesi odziyimira pawokha ndiwo chinsinsi chothandizira chitukuko chapamwamba kwambiri, chifukwa amavomereza lingaliro lazatsopano lazinthu zochepa komanso kubwezeredwa kopanda malire. Pothana ndi zovuta zobwezeretsanso komanso kugwiritsa ntchito luso lazopangapanga, zida, ndi njira zatsopano zamabizinesi, mabizinesi atha kumasula kuthekera kwa zinthu zapadziko lapansi zomwe ndi zosowa komanso kukonzanso bwino. Njirayi imatsitsimutsa moyo watsopano kuzinthu zowonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito kangapo kogwiritsanso ntchito, kulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi luso lamakampani komanso kulimbikitsa kupikisana kwakukulu.

(3) Kukula kozungulira moyo wonse, unyolo wathunthu wamakampani

Kukula kwa migodi ya m’tauni kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo wa zinyalala. Zogulitsa m'mafakitale sizingapewe tsogolo la "kuyambira kubadwa mpaka kumanda, kumaliza moyo wonse kuchokera kuzinthu zamigodi, kupanga zinthu, kugulitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndikuchotsedwa ngati zinthu zonyansa." Munthawi yachitukuko chachilengedwe, chitukuko chobwezeretsanso zobiriwira chimatha kusintha. Kuwola kukhala kusinthika kozizwitsa Kupyolera mu njira yowunikira zinthu zamkati ndi zakunja-zozungulira-zinthu zotulutsa, njira yotaya zinyalala imatha kusinthidwa kuchokera ku "manda" kupita ku "chibelekero" ndikuzindikira tsogolo la "cradle-to-grave". Kudzera pa nsanja ya "Internet + recycling", kulumikizana kogwira mtima kwa maulalo atatu akuluakulu opangira zinyalala, kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, ndikubwezeretsanso zinyalala kumatha kukwaniritsidwa. Pakupanga moyo wonse wa mapangidwe obiriwira, kupanga zobiriwira, kugulitsa zobiriwira, kubwezeretsanso zobiriwira, ndi chithandizo, imazindikira zatsopano zamakina onse amakampani, kuphatikiza kusanja ndi kuswa, kusamalitsa ndi kukonza, kubwezeretsanso zinthu, ndi kukonzanso.

(4) Kuchita monga mtsogoleri wachitsanzo

Kukula kwa migodi ya m'matauni osowa padziko lapansi kumatha kulimbikitsa kuchepa mphamvu ndi chitukuko chobiriwira cha chuma chonse m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga kuteteza chilengedwe ndi kugwiritsanso ntchito zinthu. Ikhozanso kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko chapamwamba kupyolera mu kusintha kwapangidwe kagawo. Kuwonetsa ndi kutsogolera kuli kofunika kwambiri pakulimbikitsa kulumikizana kwa makina obwezeretsanso, kulinganiza kwa unyolo wa mafakitale, kukulitsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito kazinthu, ukadaulo wotsogola ndi zida, kugawana zomangamanga, kukhazikitsa pakati pachitetezo chachitetezo cha chilengedwe, ndikuyimitsidwa kwa magwiridwe antchito ndi kasamalidwe. Mabizinesi otsogola amatha kuwongolera bizinesi yonse yamigodi yakutawuni kupita kumayendedwe apamwamba, anzeru, otetezeka pazinthu, aukhondo, komanso machitidwe apamwamba kwambiri.

(Nkhaniyi yamalizidwa ndi Gulu la Akatswiri a Sichuan Yuanlai Shun New Rare Earth Materials Co., Ltd., Zeng Zheng, ndi Song Donghui, potchula nkhani yakuti "Momwe Mungapangire Urban Mine Development High-Quality yolembedwa ndi Zhu Yan ndi Li Xuemei kuchokera ku Sukulu ya Zachilengedwe ku Renmin University of China.)