Strategic Research on the Evolution of Rare Earth Functional Materials pofika chaka cha 2035

Zhu Minggang',Sun Xu',Liu Ronghui,xu Huibing^₂

(1. General Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081; 2. Zhong yan Rare Earth New Materials Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088)

Chidule: Monga imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zomwe zili ndi zida zambiri ku China, dziko losowazida zogwirira ntchito ndizo zida zoyambira zothandizira m'badwo watsopano waukadaulo wazidziwitso , zida zam'mlengalenga ndi zida zamakono ndi zida, kuyenda kwa njanji zapamwamba, kupulumutsa mphamvu ndi magalimoto atsopano opangira mphamvu, zida zachipatala zogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi madera ena apamwamba kwambiri. Pepala ili limafotokoza mbiri ya osowa padziko lapansi zinchito makampani ndi chitukuko chitukuko, kusanthula mavuto amene alipo mu chitukuko cha osowa dziko zinchito mafakitale mafakitale ku China, amaika patsogolo zakuthupi mphamvu 2035 chitukuko cha mfundo chitukuko ndi malangizo kiyi chitukuko, kuchokera kulimbikitsa za osowa dziko zolosera zam'tsogolo ndi thandizo ndondomeko, kulimbikitsa zoyambira kafukufuku ndi ntchito m'munda wa osowa dziko lapansi, kulimbikitsa osowa dziko lapansi mwayi gulu ndi talente kuika patsogolo mfundo Malingaliro, kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha osowa dziko zinchito zipangizo, kuzindikira njira. kusintha kuchoka ku mphamvu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka kupita ku mphamvu zosowa padziko lapansi kuti zipereke umboni.

Mawu ofunikira: zida zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka; zida zofunikira; zida zatsopano mphamvu 2035

Nambala yamagulu: O614.33; TG

Njira Zachitukuko za Rare E arth

Functional Materials pofika 2035

Zhu Minggang 1 , Sun Xu 1 , Liu Ronghui2 , Xu Huibing 2

(1. Central Iron & Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China; 2. Grirem Advanced Materials Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China)

Chidziwitso: Zipangizo zapadziko lapansi zomwe siziwoneka bwino ndizofunika komanso zanzeru pothandizira magawo apamwamba kwambiri monga ukadaulo watsopano wa chidziwitso cham'badwo, zida zamlengalenga ndi zida zamakono, mayendedwe apanjanji apamwamba, zopulumutsa mphamvu ndi magalimoto atsopano, komanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba. .M'nkhaniyi , chitukuko cha mafakitale osowa padziko lapansi ku China chikufotokozedwa ndipo mavuto a mafakitale akuwunikiridwa .Kuti alimbikitse mpikisano wa zipangizo zomwe zimagwira ntchito ku China , malingaliro ena akuperekedwa , kuphatikiza kulimbikitsa zolosera zam'tsogolo ndi kuthandizira ndondomeko, kulimbikitsa kafukufuku wofunikira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kulimbikitsa kumanga magulu opindulitsa ndi chitukuko cha ogwira ntchito m'munda wosowa padziko lapansi.

Keywords : osowa nthaka ntchito zipangizo; zipangizo zofunika ndi njira; New materials Power strategy 2035

Choyamba, mawu oyamba

Zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka (15 lanthanides, yttrium, scandium yonse 17 yuan General name of element) chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera amagetsi, kotero kuti imakhala ndi maginito, kuwala, magetsi ndi mawonekedwe ena akuthupi ndi mankhwala, m'magalimoto atsopano amphamvu, chiwonetsero chatsopano. ndi kuyatsa, maloboti mafakitale, ndi zidziwitso zamagetsi, zakuthambo, chitetezo dziko, kuteteza mphamvu ndi kuteteza chilengedwe ndi mkulu-mapeto zipangizo kupanga ndi mafakitale ena njira akutuluka ntchito yofunika, ndi zofunika pachimake zinthu zofunika [1].

Zida zatsopano zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimayimiridwa ndi zida zosowa padziko lapansi zakhala zathunthu Chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pampikisano wa mpira. Maiko otukuka ndi madera monga Europe, America ndi Japan adatchula zinthu zomwe sizikupezeka padziko lapansi monga "ndondomeko yazaka za zana la 21", ndipo adachita kafukufuku wofunikira komanso kafukufuku wofunikira. "Key Materials Strategy" yopangidwa ndi US Department of Energy, "Elemental Strategy Plan" yopangidwa ndi Unduna wa Zamaphunziro, Maphunziro, Sayansi, ndi "EU Critical Raw Materials Plan" yopangidwa ndi European Union zonse zomwe zidalembedwa m'magawo osowa padziko lapansi. monga madera ofunikira ofufuza. Makamaka, m'zaka zaposachedwa, dziko la United States layambitsanso makampani osowa padziko lapansi kuti apeze maginito osowa padziko lapansi omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pankhondo. Tinganene kuti osowa padziko lapansi okhazikika maginito zipangizo akhala "Shangganling" m'munda wa osowa lapansi zinchito zipangizo.

Pazifukwa izi, dziko la China latchula dziko lapansi losowa ngati njira yoyendetsera dziko komanso chitukuko, ndipo adalembapo zida zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati zida zofunika kwambiri pazachitukuko zapakatikati, zanthawi yayitali komanso zazitali monga "Made in China 2025" . Malingaliro a The State Council on Promoting the Sustainable and Healthy Development of Rare Earth Industry ndi malamulo ena oyenerera athandizanso kulimbikitsa luso la sayansi ndi ukadaulo pankhani yazinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi, kukhathamiritsa kapangidwe kamakampani osowa padziko lapansi, ndikulimbikitsa kuwongolera mosalekeza kwa msinkhu wachitukuko ndi mtundu wa zida zosowa zapadziko lapansi ku China.

2. Chitukuko cha zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi

Rare Earth ndi gawo lofunikira komanso gawo lopindulitsa pomwe China ili ndi mphamvu zolankhula zapadziko lonse lapansi. China ndi dziko lalikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi lomwe lili ndi nkhokwe zapadziko lapansi. Malinga ndi nkhokwe zonse za chuma chosowa padziko lapansi ndi pafupifupi 1.2108 t, pomwe nkhokwe zaku China zimafikira 4.4107 t, zomwe zimawerengera pafupifupi 37.8% [2,3], China ndi dziko lomwe limapanga mchere wambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2019, kupanga padziko lonse lapansi komwe kunali kosowa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi kunali 2.1105 t, komwe ku China kosowa padziko lapansi kudafika pa 1.32105 t, zomwe zidapangitsa pafupifupi 63% yapadziko lonse lapansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, China ndi osowa dziko mafakitale dziko ndi wathunthu palokha mafakitale dongosolo, kuphimba ore processing kuchokera kumtunda, smelting kulekana, okusayidi ndi osowa nthaka kupanga zitsulo pakati pa mtsinje, ndi zonse zatsopano osowa nthaka zipangizo ndi ntchito mu kunsi kwa mtsinje. Mu 2018, mtengo wamakampani osowa padziko lapansi ku China unali pafupifupi 90 biliyoni ya yuan, pomwe zida zosowa padziko lapansi zidakhala 56%, mtengo wake unali pafupifupi yuan biliyoni 50, kusungunula ndi kupatukana kunali 27%, ndipo mtengo wake unali pafupifupi 25 biliyoni. Pakati pawo, zida zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwambiri zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri lazinthu zosowa maginito zosatha padziko lapansi, zomwe zimawerengera 75%, zokhala ndi mtengo wa pafupifupi 37.5 biliyoni wa Yuan, zida zothandizira 20%, komanso mtengo wofikira pafupifupi 10 biliyoni. yuan. M'magwiritsidwe ntchito azinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi ku China, zida za maginito osowa padziko lapansi zimapindula ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha magalimoto amagetsi atsopano ndi mafakitale apakompyuta, zomwe zimawerengera zoposa 40% muzakudya; zitsulo, makina, petrochemical ndi galasi ceramics ndi 12%, 9% ndi 8% motero, hydrogen zosungiramo ndi luminescent zipangizo ndi pafupifupi 7%; zida zothandizira, zopukutira ndi nsalu zopepuka zaulimi za 5% [4].

(1) Malo osavuta kusungunuka ndi kupatukana

Mu 1988, dziko la China lopangidwa mosowa kwambiri linaposa dziko la United States, ndipo linakhala dziko loyamba padziko lonse lapansi kupanga nthaka yosowa kwambiri. Mlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi wosungunula komanso kupatukana waku China ukutsogola padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ukupitilirabe mpaka pano, kuwongolera msika wapadziko lonse waukhondo wapadziko lonse lapansi. Pakalipano, mabizinesi olekanitsa osungunula ku China osowa padziko lapansi akhazikika m'magulu asanu ndi limodzi aku China: North rare Earth high-tech co., LTD. (group), south China rare earth group co., LTD., Guangdong rare earth industry group, co., LTD., China rare earth co., LTD., minmetals rare earth group co., LTD., Xiamen tungsten industry co. ., LTD. Ntchito zosungunula ndi zolekanitsa zachilendo zakunja makamaka zikuphatikiza pulojekiti ya Mountain Pass ya American Molybdenum Company (yopezedwa ndi Shenghe Resources Holdings Co., Ltd.), pulojekiti yosungunula ndi kupatukana ya Lynas waku Australia ku Kuantan, Malaysia, ndi Belgian Solvi Group (Solvay). ) polojekiti, etc.

(2) Munda wa osowa lapansi okhazikika zipangizo maginito

Zosowa za maginito zapadziko lapansi sizimangokhala njira yachitukuko kwambiri komanso kukula kwakukulu komanso kokwanira kwambiri kwamakampani padziko lonse lapansi, komanso ndizinthu zosasinthika komanso zofunikira kwambiri pamakampani achitetezo cha dziko, komanso gawo logwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. kuchuluka kwa zinthu zapadziko lapansi. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 2000, kukula kwa mafakitale akugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono za maginito ku China kwakhala kukukulirakulira, ndipo kutuluka kwa maginito a sintered NdFEB kwawonjezeka kuchoka pa 8104 t kumayambiriro kwa 12th Year Plan mpaka 1.8105 t mu 2019, kuwerengera zoposa 85% ya zotuluka zapadziko lonse lapansi; zotulutsa za samarium cobalt okhazikika maginito zipangizo ndi 2400 t, kuwerengera zoposa 80% ya okwana linanena bungwe.

Kukula kwakukulu kwa maginito a sintered NdfeB m'mafakitale apamwamba kwambiri monga magalimoto amagetsi atsopano monga magetsi opangira magetsi, magalimoto osakanizidwa ndi magetsi, zida zopulumutsa mphamvu zapanyumba, maloboti akumafakitale, masitima othamanga kwambiri ndi maglev apereka chithandizo chofunikira pa chitukukochi. makampani osowa padziko lapansi okhazikika a maginito komanso kukula kwakukulu kwamakampaniwo. China ili pafupi ndi gawo lotsogola la anzawo padziko lonse lapansi pazantchito zapamwamba kwambiri zosowa maginito padziko lapansi, ukadaulo wolemetsa wosowa kwambiri wochepetsera dziko lapansi, kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera zinthu zambiri zapadziko lapansi zosowa maginito okhazikika komanso ukadaulo wobwezeretsanso maginito ndikugwiritsa ntchito.

Ngakhale dziko lathu lakhala dziko sewero wamkulu wa osowa dziko okhazikika maginito zipangizo, akuimiridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa osowa dziko okhazikika maginito zakuthupi mbali ya osowa dziko lapansi okhazikika maginito kukonzekera luso ali mu dziko kutsogolera udindo, koma China osowa dziko lapansi okhazikika maginito zinthu zakuthupi, akadali sangathe kukumana ndi loboti yapamwamba kwambiri, m'badwo wachisanu wa teknoloji yolankhulana ndi mafoni (5G), makina a lithography ndi mafakitale ena omwe akubwera chifukwa cha teknoloji yokhazikika yokhazikika ya maginito. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pali kusiyana kwakukulu ndi maiko otukuka monga United States ndi Japan mu luso lapamwamba kwambiri lokonzekera, kutentha kwa kutentha, kukonza tirigu, ndi zida zanzeru zosalekeza.

(3) M'munda wa zinthu zowala zapadziko lapansi

Ndi kulowetsedwa kwachangu kwa zida za semiconductor m'magawo owunikira, mawonedwe ndi kuzindikira zidziwitso, kufunikira kwa msika wamtundu wamagetsi kukukulirakulira. Pankhani ya kuyatsa, kuunikira kowoneka bwino kumaonedwa kuti ndiko kutsogolera kwa mbadwo watsopano wa kuunikira koyera kwa LED. M'madera ena a zipangizo zounikira, zowunikira pafupi ndi infrared ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa intaneti ya Zinthu, zomwe zakhala zofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zimakhala ndi chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito poyang'anira chitetezo, biometrics, kuyesa chakudya ndi mankhwala ndi zina.

M'munda wa zida zounikira, zokhala ndi zowunikira zoyera zotulutsa kuwala (LED) ndi zida zowonetsera, Mitsubishi Chemical Co., LTD., Electrification Corporation, Japan Chemical Viwanda Co., Ltd. ali ndi zabwino zonse pakupanga, kuchuluka kwa malonda ndi katundu wathunthu pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Kuchulukitsa kwa kuwala koyera kwa LED phosphor ku China kwawonjezekanso kuchokera ku 2000, zosakwana 5% pachaka, kufika pafupifupi 85% pakadali pano. Komabe, pali kusiyana kwaukadaulo pakati pa mabizinesi aku China ndi mayiko akunja. Pakadali pano, mabizinesi omwe ali ndi chidwi kwambiri ku China ndi Youyou Yan Rare Earth New Materials Co., LTD., Jiangsu Borui Optoelectronics Co., LTD., ndi Jiangmen Keheng Industrial Co., LTD.

(4) Munda wa zinthu za kristalo wapadziko lapansi

Zida zamakristalo osowa padziko lapansi zimaphatikizapo makristalo osowa padziko lapansi ndi makristalo osowa padziko lapansi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poteteza dziko, zida zamakono zasayansi, chithandizo chamankhwala, kuzindikira, kuyang'anira chitetezo ndi magawo ena. M'zaka zaposachedwa, zida zowunikira zamankhwala zapamwamba monga positron emission computed tomography (PET-CT) zakula mwachangu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwamphamvu kwapadziko lapansi komwe kumayimiridwa ndi makristasi a yttrium lutetium silicate (LYSO), ndi chuma chomwe chikuyimiridwa. ndi China ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu pamsika m'tsogolomu. Potengera umwini wa unit imodzi pa anthu miliyoni, dziko la China likuyenera kuwonjezera pafupifupi mayunitsi 1,000 a zida za PET-CT, ndipo kufunikira kwa makristasi osowa padziko lapansi kupitilira ma yuan 3 biliyoni.

(5) Munda wazinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi

Zosowa zapadziko lapansi zopatsa mphamvu zimakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pazachuma cha dziko, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'chilengedwe ndi mphamvu, kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa zinthu zambiri komanso kuwala kosowa kwapadziko lapansi lanthanum ndi cerium, kuchepetsa ndikuthetsa kusamvana kwapadziko lapansi. ku China, kukonza ukadaulo wamagetsi ndi chilengedwe, ndikuwongolera malo okhala anthu. Chothandizira kusweka kwamafuta ndi chothandizira kuyeretsa magalimoto ndi njira yosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi yazinthu ziwiri zazikuluzikulu, kuphatikiza chothandizira kusweka kwamafuta, gwero la mafoni (magalimoto, zombo, makina aulimi, etc.) zatha, kuyaka kwa gasi, chithandizo cha gasi wa zinyalala, etc.) chothandizira kuyeretsa mpweya wa mchira, etc.

Poyerekeza ndi zolimbikitsa zofananira padziko lapansi, zopangira ming'alu zapakhomo zafika pamlingo womwewo pakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo. Koma chothandizira kuyeretsa galimoto, chopangira magetsi cha malasha chokhala ndi kutentha kwambiri kwamafuta otayira m'mafakitale, monga cerium zirconium rare earth oxygen storage, modified alumina ❖ kuyanika, kukula kwakukulu, chonyamulira khoma chowonda kwambiri (> 600 mesh) kupanga lalikulu, ndi dongosolo kusakanikirana kiyi luso ndi zipangizo, etc., ndi mlingo yachilendo patsogolo akadali ndi kusiyana.

(6) Zitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka kwambiri komanso zinthu zomwe mukufuna

Chitsulo chosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi ndichofunika kwambiri pakufufuza ndi chitukuko cha zipangizo zamakono, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzinthu zamakono, zowoneka bwino, zida zothandizira, zosungiramo za hydrogen, zida zogwirira ntchito za ceramic, sputtering chandamale chandamale kuti mudziwe zamagetsi. ndi minda ina. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, mine metal co., LTD., East Cao corporation, kampani yapadziko lonse ya Honeywell ndi mabizinesi aku Europe ndi America ali ndikukonzekera zitsulo zoyera kwambiri kupita ku chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi siteji yatsopano yogwiritsira ntchito zinthu, pansi pa 7 nm high order process. chigawo chophatikizika, zida zoyankhulirana za 5G, zida zamphamvu kwambiri komanso sensa yanzeru, kukumbukira kokhazikika komanso zinthu zina zapamwamba zamagetsi zimapereka zida zothandizira. Mabizinesi odziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi odzitchinjiriza osowa padziko lapansi ndi mabizinesi opanga zinthu zomwe amapangira makamaka Japan Toscao Corporation, Honeywell International Corporation ndi mabizinesi ena opambana 500. Mabizinesi aku China omwe ali ndi chitsulo chosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi komanso mabizinesi opanga zinthu zomwe amapangira makamaka akuphatikizapo Zhongyan Rare Earth New Materials Co., Ltd., Hunan Rare Earth Metal Materials Research Institute, ndi zina zambiri. ndi mbali zina. Pakali pano, China wathyola mwa luso kukonzekera zitsulo kopitilira muyeso-mkulu chiyero osowa dziko lapansi, koma pali mtunda wina kuzindikira mafakitale ndi kuonetsetsa chitukuko cha dera Integrated ndi makampani zina zamagetsi zambiri.

3. Zovuta ndi zovuta pakupanga zinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi

Kutengera ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa wa zida zogwirira ntchito zapadziko lapansi, zitha kupezeka kuti zosowa zapadziko lapansi, monga zosoweka zapadziko lonse lapansi zosoweka, nthawi zonse zakhala imodzi mwazofunikira padziko lonse lapansi. Kuyambira mkangano wamalonda pakati pa China ndi United States, dziko lapansi losowa kwambiri ndi zida za maginito zosatha padziko lapansi zakhala "mawu ofunikira" omwe nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa ndi atolankhani apanyumba ndi akunja. Chifukwa chake n'chakuti ulamuliro wa dziko la China osowa dziko lapansi osowa dziko okhazikika maginito zipangizo mafakitale unyolo ndi liwiro chitukuko cha osowa dziko okhazikika maginito zipangizo zamakono nkhawa United States. Ngakhale kuti chuma cha dziko la China chosowa padziko lapansi komanso migodi yosowa padziko lapansi, matekinoloje osankhidwa ndi osungunula ali m'malo otsogola padziko lonse lapansi, komanso ali ndi umisiri woyambirira, akukumanabe ndi zovuta zambiri komanso zovuta pakupanga zida zogwirira ntchito zapadziko lapansi.

Zosowa padziko lapansi zinchito zipangizo za mavuto akunja, makamaka amachokera ku United States kuti "guo dongosolo + msasa wapadziko lonse", kuyesera kuti "mwatsatanetsatane decoupling" njira kuchotsa kudalira China osowa dziko okhazikika maginito mankhwala, nthawi yomweyo kulimbikitsa mayiko ena. kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito maginito osowa padziko lapansi ku China, kuti mukhale ndi kuletsa kukula kwachangu kwa sayansi yapadziko lapansi yasayansi ndiukadaulo ndi ntchito mdziko lathu. Komano, pakati ndi kunsi kwa mtsinje ntchito minda osowa dziko lapansi zinchito, ambiri a kafukufuku China ndi chitukuko ali mu dziko kutsogolera njira zamakono zakunja. Ngakhale m'zaka zaposachedwa m'dziko lathu m'munda wa osowa nthaka zipangizo patent ntchito kukwera mofulumira, koma ambiri a iwo ndi patent bwino kapena m'mphepete patent, ali pachimake palokha ufulu aluntha katundu, makamaka choyambirira mayiko patent, ambiri pachimake luso. ndi zotchinga zakunja patent luso zotchinga, kwambiri anakhudza mkulu khalidwe osowa dziko makampani chitukuko ndi internationalization.

Zovuta zamkati zazinthu zogwirira ntchito zapadziko lapansi makamaka zimachokera ku zofooka zazikulu zamakampani osowa padziko lapansi komanso kusamalidwa kokwanira kwa "kupanga bolodi lalitali"; mabizinesi ndi mabungwe ofufuza amakonda kuthandizira kafukufuku wanthawi yayitali ndi matekinoloje otsanzira, komanso thandizo losakwanira laukadaulo woyambirira wokhala ndi vuto lalikulu lachitukuko, kukwera mtengo kwachitukuko komanso kuzungulira kwaukadaulo wautali; luso lachitukuko lochita kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana komanso m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana pazantchito zapadziko lapansi zosowa zikuyenera kulimbikitsidwa. Pomaliza, luso lachidziwitso loyambirira la China silokwanira, ndipo kuthekera kowongolera ukadaulo wapakatikati wazinthu zogwirira ntchito zapadziko lapansi ndizofooka.

Chifukwa chake, poyang'ana pakupanga zinthu zosowa padziko lapansi mu 2035, chidwi chachikulu chiyenera kuperekedwa pakupanga kwatsopano kodziyimira pawokha kwa kuthekera kwazinthu zosowa padziko lapansi potengera kudalirana kwapadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza kuwongolera matekinoloje apamwamba, kuphunzira ndi kuphatikiza ukadaulo wapamwamba wapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso maubwino amakampani osowa padziko lapansi ndikukhala okulirapo komanso amphamvu.

4. Zosowa zapadziko lapansi zogwirira ntchito m'malingaliro a chitukuko chamtsogolo, chitukuko chachikulu Malangizo ndi zolinga zachitukuko

(1) Malingaliro a chitukuko

Kuphatikizika kwambiri ndi njira zadziko, Kuphatikizidwa ndi zochitika zamtsogolo monga maloboti anzeru, mizinda yanzeru, chitukuko cha nyanja ndi nyenyezi, gulu lalikulu la data ndi makina opangira makina, Kuyika pa uinjiniya ndi chitukuko cha kafukufuku wofunikira waukadaulo, Yesetsani kupanga zopambana mu ukadaulo wokonzekera, zida zanzeru zopangira, zida zapadera zoyesera ndiukadaulo wawo wogwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba zapadziko lapansi, zowala zapadziko lapansi, zida zowoneka bwino zapadziko lapansi, zida zapadziko lapansi zosowa kwambiri, zida za kristalo wapadziko lapansi, zitsulo zapamwamba kwambiri zapadziko lapansi komanso chandamale. zipangizo; Kupyolera mu synchronous innovation of the whole industry chain, Tidzalimbikitsa kukwezeleza ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zipambano zapamwamba, Kuonetsetsa kuti kuperekedwa kwa zipangizo zofunikira zofunika kwambiri monga mafakitale omwe akutukuka kumene, chitetezo cha dziko, ndi kupanga mwanzeru, Potsirizira pake, kuzindikira zodziimira payekha. kupezeka kwa zida zapamwamba zogwiritsidwa ntchito zapadziko lapansi; Pangani ziphunzitso zoyambira zam'malire ndi kafukufuku woyesera, Kupyolera mukufufuza mozama ndikuwunjikana kwa mafunso asayansi, Ndikuwonetsa malingaliro oyambilira, Pangani zopeka zoyambira, Kupeza gulu lazinthu zatsopano zapadziko lapansi zosowa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwatsopano zotsatira zoyambirira; Kuzindikira kusintha kwabwino kwa China kuchokera ku mphamvu yapadziko lapansi kupita ku mphamvu zosowa padziko lapansi, Kutsogolera chitukuko chamtsogolo chaukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi mafakitale, Kupereka chithandizo chakuthupi pakukwaniritsidwa kwa cholinga cha China cha "kutsogola pakati pa dziko lanzeru". pa 2035".

(2) Chitukuko chofunikira

1. Ukadaulo wofunikira pakukonzekeretsa zida za maginito zapamwamba kwambiri komanso zapamwamba kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera dziko lapansi losowa.

Poganizira za tsogolo wanzeru gulu ndi apamwamba maginito ntchito okhazikika maginito zipangizo ndi luso latsopano ndi zipangizo kwa chofunika okhazikika maginito zinthu ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza chidziwitso pomwe ndi malamulo mbiri ya kusintha kwaumisiri, ndi chitukuko panopa ntchito mkulu osowa dziko lapansi. Kukonzekera kwambewu kwanthawi zonse ndi kukhathamiritsa kwamatekinoloje ofunikira monga kumvetsetsa, kupanga zinthu zazikulu zachitukuko.

(1)NdFeB okhazikika maginito zipangizo: kuganizira luso kukonzekera sintered NdfeB ndi mkulu mabuku ntchito, kafukufuku galasi malire malire kufalikira limagwirira wa katundu osowa dziko lapansi sintered NdFeB maginito, kafukufuku sintered NdFeB kuchira luso ndi ntchito, utumiki ntchito kulosera luso ndi chiphunzitso cha sintered NdFeB maginito, etc.

(2)Samarium cobalt okhazikika maginito zipangizo: yang'anani pa elemental lamulo limagwirira mkulu otsalira samarium cobalt maginito, malamulo a nanostructure ndi microregion zigawo zikuluzikulu pokonzekera uinjiniya mkulu-performance samarium cobalt maginito okhazikika, kafukufuku pa antioxidant teknoloji ya samarium cobalt pamwamba ntchito kutentha, ndi pamwamba chitetezo luso la kutentha samarium cobalt maginito okhazikika, etc.

(3)Thermopress okhazikika maginito zipangizo: yang'anani pa kafukufuku wa anisotropy mapangidwe limagwirira wa woonda-khoma otentha kuthamanga maginito mphete, kafukufuku pa luso kukonzekera mkulu ntchito maginito ufa kwa otentha atolankhani maginito mphete, kukonzekera luso ndi ntchito mkulu ntchito kutentha kutentha okhazikika mphete maginito. , zipangizo zaumisiri kukonzekera ndi ndondomeko chitukuko luso la ntchito mkulu kutentha kuthamanga maginito mphete, etc.

（4）Kuchulukirachulukira kokhazikika kwa maginito: ganizirani kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera kuchuluka kwachulukidwe (La, Ce, etc.) dziko losowa muzinthu zokhazikika za maginito, njira yapawiri gawo lalikulu la maginito a cerium ndi luso laukadaulo lamphamvu yokakamiza.

(5) Kuphatikiza jini yakuthupi ndi kuphunzira kwamakina, gwiritsani ntchito kapangidwe kake ndi kuwerengera magwiridwe antchito a zida zamaginito, ndikuwunikanso dongosolo latsopano ndi kapangidwe katsopano kazinthu zofunikira pakuwongolera kwakukulu kwazinthu zazikulu zamaginito mphamvu ndi kukakamiza kwambiri m'badwo woyamba. za osowa lapansi okhazikika maginito zipangizo.

(6) Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a zida zogwiritsira ntchito maginito, phunzirani mfundo zatsopano ndi zida zatsopano zoyesera ndi kuyesa, ndipo pang'onopang'ono muchotse kudalira kwa kusanthula ndi kuyesa zida za mayiko akunja.

2. Zatsopano zapadziko lapansi zosowa maginito okhazikika komanso matekinoloje ofunikira akugwiritsa ntchito makonda

Pansi pazambiri za chuma chochepa cha carbon chomwe chikufalikira padziko lonse lapansi, mayiko padziko lonse lapansi amayang'anitsitsa chitetezo cha chilengedwe komanso kutulutsa mpweya wochepa monga gawo lalikulu la sayansi ndiukadaulo. Zomwe zili mkati mwachitukuko zikuphatikizapo: kupititsa patsogolo kayendedwe ka njanji zanzeru ndi njira yopangira mafakitale anzeru; Kupanga zida zokhazikika zamaginito ndi mphamvu yamaginito yokhala ndi ukadaulo wokhazikika wa maginito oyimitsidwa komanso kufalikira kwanthawi zonse kwa maginito eddy; chitukuko cha osowa dziko okhazikika zipangizo maginito mkulu dzimbiri kukana okhazikika maginito mwachindunji pagalimoto jenereta ndi Marine dzimbiri chilengedwe; Kupanga zida zamaginito zokhazikika zokhala ndi mphamvu yamaginito yayikulu, mphamvu yokakamiza, miniaturization komanso kulondola kwambiri pazogwiritsa ntchito monga loboti ndi mzinda wanzeru.

2. Zida zamakono zopangira luminescent zapadziko lapansi zapamwamba kwambiri komanso matekinoloje awo ofunikira okonzekera ndi zida

Pakuchulukirachulukira kwamtundu wamagetsi pamsika wowunikira wa semiconductor, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana kwambiri pakukula kwa zida zopangira zowunikira zapamwamba kwambiri komanso matekinoloje awo ofunikira komanso zida zawo kuti zikwaniritse ntchito zowunikira, zowonetsera. ndi kuzindikira zambiri. Zomwe zili pachitukuko zikuphatikizapo: kupititsa patsogolo kwakukulu kwa zipangizo zatsopano zowala zapadziko lapansi monga zosaoneka ndi kutuluka kwa upconversion; Kupanga njira zaukadaulo ndiukadaulo za infrared emission emission enhancement pansi pa kuwala kwa violet; kupanga zipangizo za mkulu dzuwa yopapatiza bandi umuna, mkulu mtundu chiyero zobiriwira ndi wofiira umuna; kupanga ndi kupanga zipangizo zatsopano zokhala ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wanzeru pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo yogwirizana ndi kapangidwe kake ndi kusinthanitsa katundu wofanana, komanso kupanga mapangidwe apangidwe pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono kuti apeze mndandanda wa zipangizo zatsopano zowala za dziko lapansi.

4.Tekinoloje yokonzekera makina azinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi

Zosowa zapadziko lapansi zapadziko lapansi ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe zimalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zinthu zamtundu wa lanthanum ndi cerium zochulukirapo komanso zowala, zimachepetsa ndikuthetsa kusalinganika kwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku China, kukonza mphamvu ndi ukadaulo wa chilengedwe, kulimbikitsa moyo wa anthu, ndi kukonza malo okhala anthu. Zomwe zili mkati mwachitukuko zikuphatikiza: kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zamagetsi, kupulumutsa mphamvu komanso moyo wautali wamafuta a petrochemical osowa padziko lapansi, zida zopangira mphamvu zowoneka bwino zapadziko lapansi, kuwongolera kuipitsidwa kwa magalimoto ndi kuwononga kutulutsa kwa mafakitale azinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi ndi kiyi. matekinoloje a mafakitale; yang'anani kwambiri pakupanga matekinoloje ofunikira a nano cage molecular Assembly ndikukonza zida za cerium zirconium zokhala ndi malo enieni, kukulitsa zida zotsogola zamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito sikelo m'magawo osowa oyeretsera padziko lapansi okhazikika komanso mafoni. gwero la exhaust system kuti muzindikire malo.

5. Zotsogola zamtundu wa kristalo wapadziko lapansi komanso luso lawo lokonzekera mafakitale

Zipangizo zamakristali osowa padziko lapansi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poteteza dziko, zida zamakono zasayansi, chithandizo chamankhwala, kuzindikira, kuyang'anira chitetezo ndi zina. Zipangizo zamakristali osowa padziko lapansi ndiukadaulo wawo wokonzekera mafakitale ndiye njira yayikulu yachitukuko m'tsogolomu

The kiyi chitukuko malangizo osowa dziko lapansi laser galasi zikuphatikizapo: chitukuko cha kukula lalikulu ndi apamwamba osowa dziko lapansi laser galasi kukula ndi processing luso ndi zipangizo;.

Kupanga luso kukonzekera bwino apamwamba osowa dziko laser galasi ndi CHIKWANGWANI laser; matekinoloje atsopano ogwiritsira ntchito laser otengera ma crystal osowa padziko lapansi.

6. Kukonzekera ukadaulo wa zitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosawerengeka kwambiri komanso zolinga

M'badwo watsopano wazinthu zamagetsi ndi zida zamagetsi ndizo njira zazikulu zogwiritsira ntchito zitsulo zapadziko lapansi zosayera kwambiri ndi zinthu zomwe mukufuna. M'tsogolomu, kafukufuku wofunikira komanso njira zachitukuko za zitsulo zachitsulo zosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi zikuphatikizapo: kupititsa patsogolo kuyera kwa zitsulo zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi kufika pamwamba pa 4N5 (99.995%), kupanga zotsika mtengo komanso zazikulu zokonzekera zitsulo zowonongeka kwambiri. luso kupereka zofunika zopangira kwa chitukuko cha chiyero mkulu osowa dziko chandamale; kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira yodzitchinjiriza yabwino komanso zida zazikulu zoyeretsera vacuum monga ng'anjo yayikulu komanso ng'anjo imodzi yoyeretsera kristalo; Kupanga ukadaulo wowunikira ndi kuzindikira zonyansa muzitsulo zamtundu wa Ultra high pure rare earth ndi zida zomwe mukufuna.

(3) Zolinga zachitukuko

1.2025 Cholinga: Kumaliza kusintha kwamakampani osowa padziko lapansi kuchokera pakutsata kupita pakuthamanga ndi kuthamanga

Pofika chaka cha 2025, lidzakhala dziko lamphamvu pazantchito zapadziko lapansi. Kwa m'badwo watsopano waukadaulo wazidziwitso, mayendedwe amakono, m'badwo watsopano wa kuyatsa ndikuwonetsa, kuteteza mphamvu, kuteteza chilengedwe, dera lophatikizika, mankhwala achilengedwe, chitetezo cha dziko, zofunikira zazikulu zachitukuko, mbuye woyambirira wokhala ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wazinthu zanzeru padziko lapansi. ndi ukadaulo wapakatikati wa zida zopangira, magalimoto amagetsi atsopano, zakuthambo, injini ya servo yamafakitale ndi zida zina zapamwamba zamaginito, osowa padziko lapansi okhazikika maginito zida zopanga zida zopambana zidafika 70%. Gwirani ukadaulo wokonzekera wokhazikika wa zida zowala zapadziko lapansi, ndipo kuchuluka kwamaloko kudakwera mpaka 80%; kuthyola luso lokonzekera la zipangizo zatsopano zapadziko lapansi zosowa kwambiri monga zida za kristalo wapadziko lapansi, zoyera kwambiri zapadziko lapansi zitsulo ndi zipangizo zomwe zimapangidwira, zimakwaniritsa zofunikira za zipangizo zamankhwala zapamwamba, kuzindikira mwanzeru, dera lophatikizidwa, etc. sinthani pang'ono zolowa kunja; kupanga zida zatsopano zogwirira ntchito padziko lapansi ndiukadaulo wawo wokonzekera, ndikukulitsa magawo atsopano ogwiritsira ntchito. Pofika chaka cha 2025, dziko la China lidzakhala ndi luso lamakono lamakono la zipangizo zatsopano zapadziko lapansi, ndikupanga makampani ambiri amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi magulu a mafakitale omwe ali ndi mpikisano wamphamvu padziko lonse m'madera omwe akupikisana nawo. Udindo wathu pazachuma padziko lonse lapansi udzakwezedwa kwambiri, ndipo kusintha kwamakampani osowa padziko lapansi kuchoka pakutsata kupita kukuyenda kudzamalizidwa.

Cholinga cha 2.2030: Poyamba kumanga China kukhala mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi

Pofika m'chaka cha 2030, m'munda wa zipangizo zogwirira ntchito zapadziko lapansi, mphamvu zatsopano zidzasinthidwa kwambiri, ndipo zimatha kutsogolera kafukufuku wapadziko lonse ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale cha zipangizo za maginito osowa padziko lapansi, ndipo poyamba kukwaniritsa cholinga chokhala makampani osowa padziko lonse lapansi. Maginito apamwamba kwambiri okhazikika mumaloboti, zida zamankhwala, zakuthambo, intaneti yazinthu, zombo, petrochemical ndi zida zina zazikulu ndikugwiritsa ntchito uinjiniya, mbuye wokhala ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wazinthu zamaginito osowa padziko lapansi ndi zida zopangira, magalimoto amagetsi atsopano, navigation 042 mpweya, mafakitale servo galimoto ndi zina mkulu-mapeto maginito zipangizo ntchito, osowa dziko okhazikika maginito zipangizo m'malo kupambana anafika 80%.

3. Cholinga cha 2035: Kumanga ufumu wamphamvu padziko lonse lapansi

Pofika chaka cha 2035, zopambana zazikulu zidzapangidwa pazantchito zapadziko lapansi, ndipo luso lazopangapanga lidzakhala bwino kwambiri. Chiwopsezo chonse chazinthu zatsopano zapadziko lonse lapansi chidzafika pamayiko apamwamba kwambiri, kupikisana kwakukulu kudzalimbikitsidwa kwambiri, zabwino zina zidzapanga luso lotsogola padziko lonse lapansi, ndikumanga China kukhala mphamvu yapadziko lonse lapansi m'malo osowa padziko lapansi. zipangizo.

Zosowa za maginito zapadziko lapansi, zida zothandizira, ndi zida zowala zafika pamlingo wapamwamba wapadziko lonse lapansi, kukwanitsa kudzikwaniritsa. Mlingo wodzikwanira wa makhiristo owoneka bwino komanso dziko lapansi losowa kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha dziko ndi lalikulu kuposa 95%; matekinoloje ofunikira kwambiri ndi ufulu wachidziwitso wazinthu zosowa padziko lapansi ndi maginito apamwamba kwambiri monga magalimoto atsopano amphamvu, chitetezo cha dziko, ndege, kupanga mwanzeru, chisamaliro chaumoyo, uinjiniya wa Marine, kupanga gulu lazinthu zoyambirira zapadziko lapansi, zomwe ufulu waluntha wapachiyambi wa m'badwo watsopano wa zida za maginito osowa padziko lapansi zili m'manja mwa China. Miyezo yodziyimira payokha ya China imakhala yopitilira 30% yamiyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo imakhala ndi mawu popanga miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri; kulitsa maluso aluso ndi magulu azinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi, kuzindikira njira yatsopano yoyendetsera ntchito zatsopano pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosowa padziko lapansi, ndikukhazikitsa njira yotsogola yaukadaulo yapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi ndi makina opanga mafakitale kuti apereke nsanja yaukadaulo woyambirira.

4. ndondomeko ya ndondomeko

Njira yachitukuko ya 2035 yazinthu zosowa padziko lapansi, kufulumizitsa ntchito yomanga njira yatsopano yachitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo wazinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi, kukhathamiritsa zasayansi ndi ukadaulo ndi chuma cha anthu m'magawo osowa padziko lapansi, ndikuphatikiza "bodi lalitali "ubwino m'munda wosowa padziko lapansi. Ayenera kuyesetsa kupititsa patsogolo luso lazopanga zatsopano, luso laumisiri ndikuchita bwino, kulimbikitsa kupanga zobiriwira zamitundu yosowa padziko lapansi, kukulitsa mwamphamvu kukwaniritsa ntchito yapamwamba kwambiri yokhala ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wamaluso apamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi osowa maginito, kuwala, magetsi ndi zipangizo zina zatsopano zinchito ndi umisiri ntchito, kukhazikitsa patsogolo osowa nthaka zipangizo "ndi" luso nsanja, kumanga osowa nthaka zipangizo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito unyolo otsika mpweya chuma makampani, anapanga ndi ufulu China payokha aluntha katundu mkulu ntchito osowa dziko mafakitale njira njira, pang'onopang'ono. zindikirani ndi mphamvu yosowa padziko lapansi yopangira mphamvu zapadziko lapansi. Ndondomeko ndi njira zinazake zimalimbikitsidwa motere:

(1) Limbikitsani luso la kafukufuku wolosera zam'tsogolo ndi chithandizo cha mfundo pazantchito zapadziko lonse lapansi

Choyamba, kufulumizitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo la intellectual property, teknoloji, luso la talente ndi dongosolo la pulatifomu la zipangizo zosowa zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa pamtundu wa dziko.

Chachiwiri, limbitsani kupitiriza ndi kupitiriza kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko yapakati ndi nthawi yayitali m'munda wa zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi, kupanga chithandizo cha nthawi yayitali komanso chokhazikika cha boma ndikupewa kuthandizidwa kwapakatikati.

Chachitatu, kulimbikitsa chidziwitso cha chitetezo chaluntha m'munda wazinthu zosowa padziko lapansi, kukonza njira zamalamulo ndi kukhazikitsa njira zotetezera katundu wanzeru, kulimbikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa njira zolimbikitsira ntchito zatsopano za oyambitsa ntchito, ndikulimbikitsa kulimbikitsana kwamkati ndi kutuluka kwa matekinoloje atsopano azinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi ndi mafakitale awo.

(2) Limbikitsani chithandizo chamagulu osowa padziko lapansi komanso kumanga talente, ndikuwongolera luso lokhazikika lazinthu zogwirira ntchito zapadziko lapansi.

Choyamba, tidzapereka chithandizo cha nthawi yayitali komanso chokhazikika ku mabungwe ochita kafukufuku ochita mpikisano ndi magulu omwe ali ndi ubwino wosowa padziko lapansi, ndikukhazikitsa maziko a nsanja za sayansi ndi zamakono zamakono zazinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi pamagulu osiyanasiyana mwamsanga.

Chachiwiri, perekani gawo lonse la akatswiri achichepere ndi apakati pa ntchito yomanga talente ya echelon kuti apewe vuto la talente ndikuwononga zida za talente.

Chachitatu, yang'anani kwambiri pakuphunzitsa achinyamata amsana komanso akatswiri anthawi zonse pazantchito zapadziko lapansi. Kwa luso lapamwamba la luso, malire a ndondomeko yowunikira akhoza kumasuka moyenerera, ndipo malinga ngati apereka zopereka, ali ndi mwayi wozindikira phindu laumwini, kotero kuti luso lotsogolera likhoza kukwezedwa mu kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi ntchito zatsopano Kutuluka modzidzimutsa.

(3) Limbikitsani mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi pazinthu zosowa zapadziko lapansi ndikupititsa patsogolo mpikisano wapadziko lonse wa China pazantchito zapadziko lapansi.

Choyamba, m'malo omwe alipo padziko lonse lapansi, mwayi wosiyanasiyana uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito posinthana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi komanso kusinthana kwa chidziwitso cha sayansi ndiukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi; dipatimenti yoyang'anira iyenera kuyesetsa kuthandizira kusinthana kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi, kumasula malire a ofufuza kuti apite kumisonkhano yamaphunziro ndi kusinthanitsa kwaukadaulo, ndikupewa kafukufuku waukadaulo ndi chitukuko cha "kudziletsa" komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zokonda zakomweko ndi dipatimenti.

Chachiwiri, malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili panopa kunyumba ndi kunja, pamene kulimbikitsa kufalitsidwa mkati m'munda wa zoweta osowa dziko zipangizo zinchito, tiyenera kuyesetsa kukulitsa msika watsopano padziko lonse ndi kukulitsa kufalitsidwa kwa mayiko kunja. Kumbali imodzi, limbitsani kuchuluka kwa kutsegulira kumayiko akunja, sungani ndikupanga zinthu zoyambitsa mabizinesi apamwamba kwambiri azinthu zatsopano zapadziko lapansi, kupanga mwachangu ndikukhazikitsa njira yatsopano yamakampani opanga zida zapadziko lonse lapansi. gulu laukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi; Kumbali inayi, chepetsani pang'onopang'ono kuitanitsa kwazinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi kuti muchepetse kupanikizika kwachitetezo chapakhomo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu; nthawi yomweyo, limbikitsani mabizinesi aku China osowa padziko lapansi kuti atuluke, kukagula, kugula magawo ndikupanga zida zatsopano zapadziko lapansi monga robot servo motor ndi mota yamagetsi yamagalimoto ndi chilengedwe chitukuko cha zamakono kunyumba ndi kunja, kuti kumapangitsanso mpikisano padziko lonse wa China osowa padziko lapansi zinchito makampani unyolo ndi katundu.