Nigute ushobora gutunganya moteri idasanzwe yisi Iterambere ryiza ryubucukuzi bwimijyi

Akamaro ko Guteza Imbere Imijyi yo Gutezimbere Ubwiza Muri Gariyamoshi Ntoya

Mugihe umutungo kamere wisi ugenda urushaho kugabanuka, "umutungo" wihariye wimyanda yo mumijyi ukomeje kwiyongera, kandi imijyi yabaye ahantu hanini cyane mubutunzi muri societe yabantu. Umutungo wakuwe mu butaka urimo guhurizwa hamwe mu mijyi mu buryo butandukanye bw’ibicuruzwa byakozwe, kandi ibisigisigi bibaho nyuma y’ibikorwa byo gukoresha byahinduye imijyi ubundi bwoko bwa "mine". Nk’uko imibare yashyizwe ahagaragara n’ubushakashatsi bw’Amerika muri Amerika (USGS) mu 2023 ibivuga, ubutaka budasanzwe bw’Ubushinwa bugera kuri 35.2% ku isi, ubucukuzi bw’amabuye bugera kuri 58% by’isi, naho imikoreshereze idasanzwe y’ubutaka yari 65% ku isi, ikaza ku mwanya wa mbere. ubanza kwisi mubice uko ari bitatu. Ubushinwa nicyo gihugu kinini ku isi gikora ibicuruzwa byinshi, byohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, kandi bigakoresha isi idasanzwe, bifite umwanya wiganje. Umubare munini wibicuruzwa bidasanzwe byisi byinjiye mubice byose byinganda. Imibare yatanzwe n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’inganda cya Huajing yerekana ko ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya magneti bihoraho byinjije hejuru ya 42% by’ubushinwa budakoreshwa cyane mu 2023, aho ibyinshi muri ibyo bikoresho byakoreshwaga ku binyabiziga bishya by’ingufu n’ibiziga bibiri by’amashanyarazi.

Ibirombe bya komine bifite ubwoko butandukanye, amasoko menshi, ibigega byinshi, hamwe n’amanota yo hejuru adashobora kugereranywa n’ibirombe bisanzwe. Raporo y’Umuryango w’abibumbye "2020 Global E-waste Detection", ivuga ko imyanda yose ya e-isi yose yageze kuri toni miliyoni 53,6 muri 2019, 82,6% ikajugunywa cyangwa igatwikwa nta gutunganya. Biteganijwe ko e-imyanda ku isi mu 2030 izagera kuri toni miliyoni 74.7. Imyanda idasanzwe ya moteri mu binyabiziga bishya byingufu n’ibinyabiziga bifite ibiziga bibiri (harimo moto y’amashanyarazi, amagare y’amashanyarazi, amapikipiki y’amashanyarazi) birimo ibikoresho fatizo bifite isuku nyinshi bikungahaye ku bucukuzi bw’amabuye, urwego, n’ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe by’ubutaka ugereranije n’ubutaka budasanzwe. Bagereranya ibimina byo mumujyi bidasanzwe. Ubutaka budasanzwe, nkumutungo udasubirwamo, bufite akamaro gakomeye mugusubirana neza no gutunganya neza iterambere ryubukungu bwisi.

Nk’uko byatangajwe na EVTank, ishyirahamwe ry’ubushakashatsi ku isoko, muri rusange ibicuruzwa byoherejwe n’amashanyarazi ku isi hose byageze kuri miliyoni 67.4 mu 2023. Ubushinwa bwagize 81.9% by’igurishwa ry’amashanyarazi abiri ku isi, Uburayi kuri 9.2%, n’utundi turere kuri 8.9 %. Mu mpera za 2023, Ubushinwa amashanyarazi afite ibiziga bibiri bifite ibinyabiziga bigera kuri miliyoni 400, ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere nka Vietnam, Ubuhinde, na Indoneziya na byo bifite ibinyabiziga bifite ibiziga bibiri. Imodoka nshya z’ingufu ku isi zahuye n’imyaka ibiri ishize, aho igurisha ryageze kuri miliyoni 10 mu 2022 na miliyoni 14.653 muri 2023. Biteganijwe ko kugurisha ku isi bizarenga miliyoni 20 mu 2024, Ubushinwa bukaba bwaratanze 60% kuri kugurisha ku isi. Gutunga ibinyabiziga bishya by’ingufu ku isi mu 2023 bigeze kuri miliyoni 400, hamwe na miliyoni 40 n’ibinyabiziga bishya by’ingufu. Biteganijwe ko iziyongera ku kigereranyo cya buri mwaka kingana na 23% hagati ya 2023 na 2035, ikagera kuri miliyoni 245 muri 2030 kandi ikiyongera ikagera kuri miliyoni 505 muri 2035. Umuvuduko w’iterambere urihuta. Ishyirahamwe ry’abakora ibinyabiziga by’iburayi (EAMA) rivuga ko mu 2023, mu bihugu 31 by’Uburayi hamaze kwandikwa imodoka nshya zitwara abagenzi miliyoni 3.009, zigaragaza ko umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 16.2%, aho imodoka nshya yinjira mu kigero cya 23.4% . Alliance for Automotive Innovation (AAI) yatangaje ko igurishwa ry’imodoka nshya zo muri Amerika zifite ingufu zoroheje zoroheje mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2023 zingana na miliyoni 1.038, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 59%. Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Starting Point (SPIR) giteganya ko ikigereranyo cyo kwinjira ku isi ku binyabiziga bishya by’ingufu bizagera kuri 56.2% mu 2030, aho Ubushinwa bushya bw’imodoka bw’ingufu bwinjira bugera kuri 78%, Uburayi 70%, Amerika 52%, n’ibindi bihugu '30%. Hariho imijyi ifite ibirombe byo mumijyi bitazarambirana, kandi iterambere ryibirombe bidasanzwe byo mumijyi bifite akamaro kanini mugutezimbere ibidukikije, kubona ingufu zidasanzwe zisi ku isi, no guteza imbere iterambere ryiza ryubukungu bwisi yose .

Kwisi yose, isoko yo gutunganya moteri ikoreshwa kwisi idasanzwe ifite ubushobozi bukomeye. Ishami ry’ubushakashatsi ku isoko SNE Research rivuga ko umubare w’ibinyabiziga bishya by’ingufu byafashwe ku isi biteganijwe ko uziyongera ukava kuri 560.000 mu 2025 ukagera kuri miliyoni 4.11 muri 2030, miliyoni 17.84 muri 2035, na miliyoni 42.77 muri 2040.

(1) Kwihutisha inzibacyuho yicyatsi, kizunguruka, na karuboni nkeya.

Gukoresha umutungo gakondo bikubiyemo inzira imwe yumutungo uva mubikorwa byumusaruro uhuza ibicuruzwa hanyuma amaherezo ugasesagura. Igitekerezo cyubukungu buzenguruka butangiza uburyo bushya bwo gukoresha umutungo uhindura iyi nzira imwe muburyo bubiri. Iterambere ryimyanda yo mumijyi irwanya uburyo gakondo bwo gushaka umutungo kandi byerekana inzira ebyiri zisanzwe. Mugukoresha imyanda, ntabwo igabanya imyanda gusa kandi yongera umutungo ahubwo inatanga amahirwe mashya yo guteza imbere imijyi binyuze muburyo bwo kugabanya no kuzamura.

Ibirombe karemano bitanga imyanda myinshi kubera amikoro make n’umuvuduko w’ibidukikije. Ibinyuranye na byo, iterambere ry’iterambere ryihuta, rifite isuku ryinshi, ridahenze mu birombe byo mu mijyi ntibikuraho gusa ubushakashatsi, ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro, no gusana ubutaka ahubwo binagabanya cyane imyanda. Ihinduka rihindura uburyo gakondo bwo gukura kumurongo "wo gucukura-gushonga-gukora-imyanda" muburyo bwiterambere ryizunguruka ry "umutungo-ibicuruzwa-imyanda-ishobora kongera umusaruro". Ubwiyongere bwimodoka zamashanyarazi zacagaguritse hamwe namashanyarazi afite ibiziga bibiri buri mwaka bigira uruhare mukuzamuka kwamabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe yo mumijyi. Kongera gutunganya ibirombe by’ubutaka bidasanzwe bihuza n’amahame y’iterambere ry’icyatsi, nko kubungabunga umutungo, kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa, no kurengera ibidukikije.

(2) Gusubiramo kubungabunga umutungo wibikorwa

Nigute dushobora kumenya uburyo bwo gutunganya umutungo w’amabuye y'agaciro bigira uruhare runini mu iterambere rirambye ry'ubukungu bw'isi. Urwego rw'ibyuma, ibyuma bidasanzwe by'agaciro, hamwe n'umutungo w'isi udasanzwe mu birombe byo mu mijyi ni incuro icumi cyangwa se amagana arenze ayo mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe byisi biva mu birombe byo mu mijyi bikiza intambwe zo gucukura, kugirira akamaro, gushonga, no gutandukanya amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe. Inzira gakondo yo gushonga yisi idasanzwe isaba ubuhanga buhanitse nibiciro. Gutezimbere ibirombe byo mumijyi kugirango bikuremo isi idasanzwe nibicuruzwa bidasanzwe bya magnetiki ibyuma biva mumodoka nshya zashaje kandi amashanyarazi abiri yibinyabiziga ku giciro gito ningirakamaro muburyo bwo kurinda umutungo w’ubutaka budasanzwe ku isi no gukomeza iterambere ry’ubukungu mpuzamahanga.

Impuzandengo y'amashanyarazi yimodoka ifite ibiziga bibiri bisaba 0.4-2kg ya magneti yisi idasanzwe na 0.1-0,6 kg yibintu bya praseodymium. Ubushinwa bwakuyeho miliyoni zirenga 60 z’amashanyarazi zifite ibiziga bibiri buri mwaka, aho toni zigera ku 25.000 za magneti zidasanzwe zishobora kugarurwa, zifite agaciro ka miliyari 10. Kugarura kandi birimo toni 7,000 zubutaka budasanzwe bwa praseodymium na neodymium, bifite agaciro ka miliyari 2.66 (hashingiwe ku giciro cya oxyde ya praseodymium-neodymium kuri miliyoni 38 Yuan / toni guhera ku ya 1 Nyakanga 2024). Buri moteri nshya yingufu zitwara moteri ikenera hafi 25 kg ya magneti yisi idasanzwe, 6.25 kg ya praseodymium na neodymium, na 0.5kg ya dysprosium. Imodoka 560.000 z’ingufu ziteganijwe guhagarikwa mu 2025 zizaba zirimo toni 12.500 za magneti zidasanzwe z’isi, toni 3.500 za praseodymium na neodymium, zifite agaciro ka miliyari 1.33, na toni 250 za dysprosium, zifite agaciro ka miliyoni 467.5 (zishingiye ku giciro cya oxyde ya dysprosium kuri miliyoni 1.87 yu yu guhera ku ya 1 Nyakanga 2024). Ibi byerekana umubare munini wa magneti yisi idasanzwe kwisi. Mu 2023, Ubushinwa bwashyizeho intego rusange yo kugenzura ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ya toni 255.000, bufite ubushobozi bwo gusenya no kugarura 30-40% by'ibintu bidasanzwe by'ubutaka bituruka ku mashanyarazi afite ibiziga bibiri n'imodoka nshya, bihwanye n'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro muri iki gihe Ubushinwa. amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe.

Biteganijwe ko miliyoni 42.77 z’imodoka nshya z’ingufu zavanyweho mu 2040 zizaba zirimo toni miliyoni 1.07 za magneti zidasanzwe z’isi, toni 267.000 z’ibintu bya praseodymium-neodymium, na toni 21.400 za dysprosium. Aya mafranga ari hejuru cyane ugereranije n’ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe by’ubutaka bitandukanijwe n’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe ku isi. Iterambere rizagera ku ntego yo kubungabunga umutungo w’ibikorwa bidasubirwaho.

(1) Kuzamura ubuzima bwabantu n'imibereho yabo

Umujyi utangiza ibidukikije nicyitegererezo cyo kubungabunga karubone nkeya, kubungabunga ibidukikije. Nyamara, ukuri kw’imyanda ikikije umujyi no kujugunya imodoka zikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi zikoreshwa, zirimo ibintu byangiza ibidukikije n’umubiri w’umuntu, bikomeje kuba ikibazo. Iki kibazo kigira ingaruka ku mibereho yabantu. Iterambere ry’ibirombe byo mu mijyi ntabwo rikuraho gusa ingaruka z’imyanda ku bidukikije no ku mubiri w’umuntu ahubwo inagira ubuzima n’umutekano by’ibidukikije mu mijyi. Byongeye kandi, byihutisha kumenya kubana neza hagati yumuntu na kamere.

2.Dilemma Guhura niterambere ryumujyi

Icyatsi kibisi na decarbonisation yiterambere ryubukungu n’imibereho ni ibintu byingenzi byiterambere ryiza. Ubushinwa bwashyizeho politiki n’ingamba nyinshi zo guteza imbere ibirombe by’imijyi. Yateje imbere kandi imicungire y’imyanda ikomeye y’amakomine n’imyanda mishya ihumanya kandi binyuze mu nzira zinyuranye itegura imurikagurisha ry’amabuye y’imijyi n’ibindi birori. Ubushinwa bwateje imbere kongera gutunganya ibirombe bya minisiteri yo mu mijyi idasanzwe, ndetse no kugabanya umubare no gukoresha umutungo. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, haracyari imbogamizi nyinshi zo gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zuzuye zo kubungabunga no guteza imbere imikoreshereze y’ubukungu n’imbaraga nyinshi.

(1) Kutitaho bihagije iterambere ryamabuye y'agaciro

Ubucukuzi busanzwe bukorwa n’amasosiyete acukura amabuye y'agaciro mu bice by’amabuye y'agaciro, kandi isaranganya ry'umutungo mu birombe byo mu mijyi ryegerejwe abaturage. Inertia yatumye ibigo byinshi byibanda ku kugabanuka kw’ibirombe bya kamere no gushora imari mu bushakashatsi buhenze no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rishya. Ibyinshi mu bikoresho by’amabuye y'agaciro bikoreshwa ku isi ntibikiri munsi y'ubutaka ahubwo birundanyirijwe hejuru mu buryo bwa "imva z'imodoka," imva z'ibyuma, "imyanda ya elegitoroniki, n'indi myanda. Ibirombe byo mu mijyi n'ibirombe gakondo ni uburyo butandukanye bwo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro. Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ntibukiri mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro no gucukura, ahubwo ni ugusenya ibicuruzwa, gushyira mu byiciro, no gukuramo ibyuma, plastiki, n'ibindi bikoresho bisubirwamo iragerwaho, ariko kumenya agaciro nyako k’ibi birombe n’akamaro ko gucukura amabuye y'agaciro bishobora kuganisha ku mikoreshereze yuzuye n’inganda bigomba kuba ishingiro ryibitekerezo byiterambere ryiza ryubukungu bwisi.

Imiyoboro idahagije yo kohereza no kujugunya

Imijyi icukura amabuye y'agaciro nta ruhushya rwa leta rwo gusobanura aho ubucukuzi bumara n'igihe bizamara. Kubera iyo mpamvu, gukusanya, gushyira mu byiciro, gutwara, no kujugunya imyanda bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku itangwa ry’ibikoresho fatizo by’ikigo. Ikoranabuhanga ridahagije ryo gusenya ritera ubucuruzi kwirengagiza gutunganya ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga. Bamwe mu baturage bifashisha kugurisha amagare y’amashanyarazi ku bacuruzi bagendanwa kubera kubura imiyoboro isanzwe ikoreshwa, bigatuma abaguzi bigenga baba abaterankunga bambere. Byongeye kandi, gutunganya ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi by’imyanda, ubwoko burindwi bw’imyanda, no gusenya no gutunganya imodoka zishaje bisaba impamyabumenyi ikwiye kubera ko zishingiye cyane ku ikoranabuhanga rishya. Biragaragara ko kongera ubumenyi bwabaturage, kuzamura sisitemu yo gutunganya ibicuruzwa, no kunoza ubuziranenge bwibigo ningirakamaro mugukemura ikibazo cyibicuruzwa bitunganyirizwa mu mahanga.

3.Ibitekerezo bishya bigamije iterambere ryumujyi

Agaciro ko guteza imbere ibirombe byo mumijyi biterwa nububiko bwimyanda iriho hamwe no kwiyongera no kuzamuka kwiterambere. Mu mpera za 2021, hazaba imijyi 17 ku isi ituwe n'abaturage barenga miliyoni 10, imigi 113 mu Bushinwa ituwe n'abaturage barenga miliyoni. Ububiko bwibinyabiziga bifite ingufu nshya nubunini bwimodoka zavanyweho biziyongera icyarimwe. Niyo mpamvu, ni ngombwa gukomeza gushakisha no guhanga udushya kugira ngo dushimangire iterambere ry’ibirombe byo mu mijyi no guteza imbere iterambere ryiza.

Support Inkunga ya politiki no gucunga siyanse

Ubushinwa, nk’umuguzi w’ibinyabiziga bishya n’ingufu n’ibiziga bibiri by’amashanyarazi, bumenya intego yo guteza imbere ubucukuzi bw’imijyi yo gukorera sosiyete, inganda, n’abantu. Ibi byagezweho ntaho bitandukaniye ninkunga ya politiki yo murwego rwigihugu, gahunda yuzuye yamategeko n'amabwiriza, hamwe nubuyobozi bukenewe mubuyobozi. Mu 1976, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zashyizeho kandi zishyiraho itegeko ryo kujugunya imyanda ikomeye, maze mu 1989, Californiya yemeza itegeko rigenga imicungire y’imyanda. Binyuze muri politiki ihamye n’ingamba zigenga amategeko, inganda z’ingufu z’Amerika zishobora kongera umusaruro wegereye inganda z’imodoka. Gukura amasomo kuburambe bwabandi no kwemeza ibitekerezo byubuyobozi birashobora guteza imbere imishinga. Politiki nziza irashobora gushishikariza guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, gukoresha ibikoresho bishya mugushushanya ibicuruzwa bitangiza ibidukikije, kandi amaherezo bikagabanuka. Ni ngombwa kongera ingufu mu bukangurambaga bugamije kumenyekanisha rubanda, guteza imbere uburyo bwo gukoresha ibicuruzwa bidakabije, no kuzamura igipimo cy’imyanda. Byongeye kandi, kongera ishoramari mu bushakashatsi bwo guta imyanda no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga, gushishikariza ishoramari ryigenga n’amahanga, no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zitandukanye birashobora kwihutisha iterambere ry’ibirombe byo mu mijyi, igice cy’iterambere rirambye.

(2) Icyatsi kibisi cyiterambere kiyobora iterambere ryikoranabuhanga rishya.

Uburyo bwiterambere ryicyatsi bugaragaza impinduka zikomeye muri paradigima yiterambere, aho umutungo, kurengera ibidukikije, nizindi mbogamizi bigira imbaraga zoguteza imbere ubucukuzi bwimijyi. Irabona kandi ibintu bidasanzwe, bigoye-gutunganywa, hamwe nibikoresho bifite agaciro kanini nkamahirwe nibibazo. Ibigo byigenga byigenga ni urufunguzo rwo kugera ku majyambere yo mu rwego rwo hejuru, kuko bemera igitekerezo cyo guhanga udushya twinshi kandi bitagira imipaka. Mugukemura ibibazo bitunganyirizwa hamwe no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga, ibikoresho, hamwe nudushya twatunganijwe, inganda zirashobora gufungura ubushobozi bwibintu bidasanzwe byubutaka no kongera gukora neza. Ubu buryo buhumeka ubuzima bushya mubikoresho byimyanda hifashishijwe uburyo bwinshi bwo kongera gukoresha, guteza imbere ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga mu nganda no gushimangira ihiganwa ry’ibanze.

(3) Iterambere ryubuzima bwuzuye, urwego rwuzuye

Iterambere ryibirombe byo mumijyi bifitanye isano rya bugufi nubuzima bwimyanda. Ibicuruzwa mu mico y’inganda ntibishobora kwirinda iherezo ry "kuva ku ndunduro kugera ku mva, kurangiza ubuzima bwubuzima buva mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa, kugurisha, gukoresha, no kuvaho nkibicuruzwa. Mu gihe cy’ibidukikije by’ibidukikije, iterambere ry’ibidukikije rishobora guhinduka kubora mu buryo bw'igitangaza. Binyuze mu buryo bwo gusesengura ibintu byinjira mu gihugu no hanze byinjira-ibikoresho byinjira-ibintu, icyerekezo cy’imyanda gishobora guhinduka "ibishishwa-ku-mva" ibizabaho. Binyuze kuri "Internet + recycling", hashobora kugerwaho uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza imyanda itatu yingenzi yo gutunganya imyanda, gukusanya imyanda, no gutunganya imyanda. Mugutezimbere ubuzima bwose bwibishushanyo mbonera, umusaruro wicyatsi, kugurisha icyatsi, gutunganya ibyatsi, no kuvura, bimenya udushya twinganda zose, harimo gutondeka no gusenya, kubanza kubitunganya no kubitunganya, kubitunganya, no kongera gukora.

(4) Gukina inshingano z'umuyobozi w'icyitegererezo

Iterambere ry’ibirombe bidasanzwe byo mu mijyi birashobora guteza imbere ubushobozi n’iterambere ry’icyatsi cy’ubukungu bwose mu bintu bitandukanye, nko kurengera ibidukikije no gukoresha umutungo. Irashobora kandi guteza imbere iterambere ryujuje ubuziranenge binyuze mu kuvugurura impande zombi. Kwerekana no kuyobora bifite akamaro kanini mugutezimbere imiyoboro ya sisitemu yo gutunganya ibicuruzwa, gushyira mu gaciro urwego rw’inganda, kwagura imikoreshereze y’umutungo, ikoranabuhanga n’ibikoresho bigezweho, gusangira ibikorwa remezo, guhuza ibikorwa byo kubungabunga ibidukikije, no gushyira mu bikorwa imikorere n’imicungire. Inganda ziyobora zishobora kuyobora inganda zose zicukura amabuye y'agaciro kugana ku rwego rwo hejuru, ubwenge, umutekano-mutekano, isuku, kandi ikora neza.

. wo mu Ishuri ry'ibidukikije muri kaminuza ya Renmin y'Ubushinwa.)