Ubushakashatsi bufatika ku ihindagurika ry'ibikoresho bidakunze gukoreshwa mu mwaka wa 2035

Zhu Minggang ', Sun Xu', Liu Ronghui, xu Huibing^₂

(1. Ikigo Cy’ubushakashatsi Rusange Cyuma, Pekin 100081;

Abstract: Nka kimwe mubikoresho byingenzi byingenzi bifite umutungo uranga Ubushinwa, isi idasanzweibikoresho bikora nibikoresho byibanze bishyigikira igisekuru gishya cyikoranabuhanga ryamakuru , icyogajuru n'intwaro n'ibikoresho bigezweho, inzira ya gari ya moshi igezweho, kuzigama ingufu n'ibinyabiziga bishya by'ingufu, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi bikora neza ndetse n'indi mishinga yo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Uru rupapuro rugaragaza amateka y’ibikoresho bidasanzwe bikoreshwa mu isi n’imiterere y’iterambere, isesengura ibibazo biriho mu iterambere ry’inganda zidasanzwe zikoreshwa mu butaka mu Bushinwa, ishyira imbere imbaraga nshya z’ibikoresho 2035 ingamba z’iterambere ry’ibitekerezo n’iterambere ry’ibanze, uhereye ku gushimangira by'isi idasanzwe iteganya guteganya no gushyigikira politiki, gushimangira ubushakashatsi n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa mu rwego rw’isi idasanzwe, gushimangira iyubakwa ry’itsinda ridasanzwe ry’isi n’impano zashyizeho politiki Ibyifuzo, bigamije guteza imbere iterambere ry’ibikoresho bidasanzwe by’ubutaka, kumenya ingamba hindura imbaraga zidasanzwe zubutaka zimbaraga zidasanzwe kubutaka kugirango utange ibisobanuro.

Amagambo shingiro: ibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi bikora; ibikoresho by'ingenzi; ibikoresho bishya imbaraga 2035

Inomero y'ibyiciro: O614.33; TG

Ingamba ziterambere zidasanzwe kuri arth

Imikorere ya Materi als muri 2035

Zhu Minggang 1, Sun Xu 1, Liu Ronghui2, Xu Huibing 2

.

Abstract: Ibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi birakenewe kandi ni ingenzi mu gushyigikira imirima ihanitse nka tekinoroji nshya -kumenyekanisha amakuru - ikoranabuhanga rya tion, icyogajuru hamwe nintwaro za kijyambere, inzira ya gari ya moshi igezweho, kuzigama ingufu n’imodoka nshya, hamwe n’imikorere ikora m ibikoresho .Muri iki kiganiro, hashyizweho imiterere yiterambere n’ibikorwa by’inganda zidasanzwe zikoreshwa mu Bushinwa kandi ibibazo by’inganda birasesengurwa .Kugira ngo habeho guhangana ku guhangana n’ibikoresho bidasanzwe bikoreshwa mu isi mu Bushinwa, harasabwa ibitekerezo bimwe na bimwe bya politiki, harimo gushimangira ingamba zo guhanura no gushyigikira politiki, guteza imbere ubushakashatsi n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa, no kuzamura iyubakwa ry’amakipe meza no guteza imbere abakozi mu butaka budasanzwe.

Ijambo ryibanze: ibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi bikora; ibikoresho bikomeye kandi byingenzi; ibikoresho bishya ingufu ingamba 2035

Icya mbere, ijambo ry'ibanze

Ibintu bidakunze kubaho ku isi (15 lanthanide, yttrium, scandium yose hamwe 17 yuu n'amatara, ama robo yinganda, namakuru ya elegitoronike, icyogajuru, kurinda igihugu, kubungabunga ingufu no kurengera ibidukikije no gukora ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru hamwe n’inganda zigenda zitera imbere bigira uruhare runini, ni ibintu by'ibanze by'ingenzi [1].

Ibikoresho bishya bidasanzwe byisi bigereranwa nibikoresho bidasanzwe byubutaka byabaye byuzuye Kimwe mubintu byibandwaho mumarushanwa yumupira. Ibihugu n’uturere byateye imbere nk’Uburayi, Amerika n'Ubuyapani byashyize ku rutonde ibintu bidasanzwe ku isi nk '"ingamba zifatika zo mu kinyejana cya 21", kandi bukora ubushakashatsi n’ubushakashatsi bw’ingenzi. "Ingamba z'Ingamba z'Ingenzi" zashyizweho na Minisiteri ishinzwe ingufu muri Amerika, "Gahunda y'Ingamba Elemental" yateguwe na Minisiteri y'Uburezi, Uburezi, Ubumenyi, na "Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi" washyizweho n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi byose byashyizwe ku rutonde rw'ibintu bidasanzwe ku isi. nkibice byingenzi byubushakashatsi. By'umwihariko, mu myaka yashize, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika zasubukuye inganda zidasanzwe ku isi kugira ngo zibone magneti zidasanzwe zikoreshwa mu gisirikare. Turashobora kuvuga ko ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya magneti bihoraho byahindutse "Shangganling" mubijyanye nibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi.

Kubera iyo mpamvu, Ubushinwa bwashyize ku rutonde isi idasanzwe nk’umutungo w’ingamba zo kugenzura no guteza imbere igihugu, kandi ishyira ibikoresho bidasanzwe ku isi nkibikoresho by’ibanze muri gahunda z’iterambere ry’igihugu, igihe kirekire n’igihe kirekire nka "Made in China 2025" . Ibitekerezo by’inama y’igihugu ishinzwe guteza imbere iterambere rirambye n’ubuzima bw’inganda zidasanzwe z’isi n’andi mabwiriza abigenga nabyo byafashije mu guhanga udushya mu buhanga n’ikoranabuhanga mu bijyanye n’ibikoresho bidasanzwe by’ubutaka, binonosora imiterere y’inganda zidasanzwe ku isi, kandi biteza imbere gukomeza kunoza urwego rwiterambere hamwe nubwiza bwibikoresho bidasanzwe bikoreshwa mubutaka mubushinwa.

2. Iterambere ryimiterere yibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi

Isi idasanzwe ni umutungo wingenzi ningamba zingirakamaro aho Ubushinwa bufite imbaraga mpuzamahanga zo kuvuga. Ubushinwa nigihugu gikomeye kwisi gifite ubutunzi bwubutaka budasanzwe. Dukurikije ibigega byose by’ubutaka budasanzwe bingana na t 1,2108, muri byo Ubushinwa bugera kuri t 4.4107, bingana na 37.8% [2,3], Ubushinwa n’igihugu kinini ku isi gitanga amabuye y'agaciro adasanzwe ku isi. Muri 2019, umusaruro w’ubutaka udasanzwe ku isi wari t 2,1105, muri yo umusaruro w’ubushinwa udasanzwe w’Ubushinwa wageze kuri t 1,32105, bingana na 63% by’umusaruro w’isi udasanzwe ku isi. Muri icyo gihe, Ubushinwa nabwo ni igihugu kidasanzwe mu nganda z’inganda zifite gahunda y’inganda zigenga zuzuye, gikubiyemo gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro kuva hejuru, gutandukanya gushonga, okiside hamwe n’ibyuma bidasanzwe by’ubutaka hagati, hamwe n’ibikoresho bishya by’ubutaka bidasanzwe kandi bigashyirwa mu bikorwa kumanuka. Muri 2018, umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa by’inganda zidasanzwe mu Bushinwa byari hafi miliyari 90, muri byo ibikoresho bidasanzwe by’ubutaka bingana na 56%, agaciro k’ibisohoka kangana na miliyari 50 z'amayero, gushonga no gutandukana bingana na 27%, naho agaciro kasohotse kari hafi miliyari 25. Muri byo, ibikoresho bidasanzwe bikoreshwa mu isi bifite igice kinini cy’ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya magneti bihoraho, bingana na 75%, bifite agaciro kangana na miliyari 37.5 Yuan, ibikoresho bya catalitiki bingana na 20%, n’ibisohoka bifite agaciro ka miliyari 10 Yuan. Mu mikoreshereze y’imikoreshereze y’ibikoresho bidasanzwe by’ubutaka mu Bushinwa, ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya magneti byunguka byunguka iterambere ryihuse ryimodoka nshya ninganda za elegitoronike, bingana na 40% muburyo bwo gukoresha; metallurgie, imashini, peteroli na ceramika ceramika bingana na 12%, 9% na 8%, ibikoresho byo kubika hydrogène nibikoresho bya luminescent bingana na 7%; ibikoresho bya catalitiki, ibikoresho byo gusya hamwe n’imyenda yoroheje y’ubuhinzi kuri 5% [4].

(1) Ntibisanzwe gushonga isi no gutandukanya umurima

Mu 1988, Ubushinwa budasanzwe ku isi bwarenze Amerika, buba ubwa mbere ku isi butanga umusaruro udasanzwe ku isi. Ubushinwa budasanzwe bwo gushonga no gutandukana bugenda buyobora ku isi kandi buracyakomeza kugeza na nubu, bugenzura isoko ryisi yisi yera cyane isi idasanzwe. Kugeza ubu, Ubushinwa budasanzwe bwo gushongesha isi gutandukanya inganda byibanda cyane cyane mu matsinda atandatu akomeye yo mu Bushinwa: isi idasanzwe yo mu majyaruguru idasanzwe y’ikoranabuhanga, LTD. . ., LTD. Umushinga udasanzwe wo gushonga no gutandukanya isi harimo umushinga wa Mountain Pass wa Sosiyete y'Abanyamerika Molybdenum (yaguzwe na Shenghe Resources Holdings Co., Ltd.), umushinga wo gushonga no gutandukanya Lynas yo muri Ositaraliya i Kuantan, Maleziya, hamwe n’itsinda rya Solvi ry’Ababiligi (Solvay ) umushinga, nibindi

(2) Umwanya wubutaka budasanzwe ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho

Ni gake cyane ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho ntabwo aribyo byerekezo byiterambere byihuta gusa nubunini bunini kandi bwuzuye mu nganda zose zidasanzwe, ariko kandi ni ibikoresho byingenzi bidasubirwaho kandi byingirakamaro mu nganda z’ingabo z’igihugu, ndetse n’umurima usaba ufite nini nini ubwinshi bwibikoresho bidasanzwe byubutaka. Kuva mu 2000, igipimo cy’inganda cyo gukoresha ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya rukuruzi zihoraho mu Bushinwa byagiye byiyongera, kandi umusaruro wuzuye wa magneti NdFEB yacumuye wavuye kuri 8104 t mu ntangiriro za gahunda y’imyaka 12 y’imyaka itanu ugera kuri 1.8105 t muri 2019, bingana na 85% by'umusaruro ku isi; ibisohoka bya samarium cobalt ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho ni 2400 t, bingana na 80% byumusaruro wose.

Iterambere ryagutse rya magneti NdfeB yacumuye mu nganda zikorana buhanga cyane nk'imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu z'umuyaga nko kubyara ingufu z'umuyaga, ibinyabiziga bivangavanze n'amashanyarazi, ibikoresho byo mu rugo bizigama ingufu, robot zo mu nganda, gari ya moshi yihuta na maglev byatanze inkunga ikomeye mu iterambere y'isi idasanzwe inganda zihoraho za magneti hamwe nubushobozi butandukanye bwo gukura kwinganda. Ubushinwa buri hafi yurwego rwohejuru rwurungano rwisi murwego rwibikorwa bikoresha imbaraga zidasanzwe zidasanzwe za magneti, tekinoroji iremereye yo kugabanya isi, gukoresha mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro ibintu byinshi bidasanzwe isi ihoraho hamwe na tekinoroji yo gukoresha no gukoresha.

Nubwo igihugu cyacu cyabaye igihugu kinini ku isi gikora ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya magneti bihoraho, bigereranywa nubwinshi bwubutaka budasanzwe buhoraho bwa magneti igice cyihariye cya tekinoloji ihoraho yo gutegura magneti iri ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi, ariko Ubushinwa budasanzwe ku isi buhoraho, iracyafite ubushobozi bwo kuzuza robot yo murwego rwohejuru, igisekuru cya gatanu cyikoranabuhanga rya terefone igendanwa (5G), imashini yandika hamwe nizindi nganda zigenda zivuka kugirango ikoreshwe rya tekinoroji ihoraho. Muri icyo gihe, haracyari icyuho kinini n’ibihugu byateye imbere nka Amerika n'Ubuyapani mu buhanga bugezweho bwo gutegura, guhindura amashyuza, gutunganya ingano, n'ibikoresho bikomeza ubwenge.

(3) Mu rwego rwibikoresho-bidasanzwe bya luminescent

Hamwe no kwihuta kwinjirira ibikoresho bya semiconductor mubice byo kumurika, kwerekana no kumenya amakuru, isoko ryisoko ryiza ryumucyo naryo riragenda ryiyongera. Mu rwego rwo kumurika, itara ryuzuye rifatwa nkicyerekezo cyambere cyibisekuru bishya byamatara yera ya LED. Mu bindi bice byibikoresho bya luminescent, disiketi hafi ya infragre ni igice cyingenzi cya interineti yibintu, kikaba cyaribanze ku isi yose, kandi gifite amahirwe menshi yo gukoreshwa mugukurikirana umutekano, biometrike, ibiryo no gupima ubuvuzi nizindi nzego.

Mu rwego rw'ibikoresho bya luminescent, hamwe n'amatara yera yerekana urumuri rwa LED (LED) n'amashanyarazi yerekana ibikoresho, Mitsubishi Chemical Co., LTD. n'umutungo wose ku isoko mpuzamahanga. Igipimo cy’umucyo wera LED fosifore mu Bushinwa nacyo cyiyongereye kuva mu 2000, munsi ya 5% ku mwaka, kugeza kuri 85% muri iki gihe. Nyamara, haracyari icyuho cyikoranabuhanga hagati yinganda zUbushinwa nibihugu byamahanga. Kugeza ubu, imishinga ikomeye mu Bushinwa ni Youyou Yan Rare Earth New Materials Co., LTD., Jiangsu Borui Optoelectronics Co, LTD., Na Jiangmen Keheng Industrial Co., LTD.

(4) Umwanya wibikoresho bidasanzwe bya kirisiti

Ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya kirisitu birimo cyane cyane kristu yisi idasanzwe hamwe na kirisiti idasanzwe ya scintigraphic kristal, ikoreshwa cyane mukwirwanaho kwigihugu, ibikoresho bya siyansi bigezweho, kuvura, gutahura, kugenzura umutekano nizindi nzego. Mu myaka yashize, ibikoresho byo kwisuzumisha byo mu rwego rwo hejuru nka positron emission computing tomografiya (PET-CT) byateye imbere byihuse, bituma hakenerwa cyane imbaraga zidasanzwe zidasanzwe zerekanwa na kristu ya yttrium lutetium silicate (LYSO), hamwe nubukungu bugenda bugaragara byerekana n'Ubushinwa bifite amahirwe menshi yo kwisoko mugihe kiri imbere. Hashingiwe ku gutunga igice kimwe kuri miliyoni, Ubushinwa bugomba kongeramo ibikoresho bigera ku 1.000 by’ibikoresho bya PET-CT, kandi icyifuzo cyo korohereza isi kidasanzwe kizarenga miliyari 3.

(5) Umwanya wibikoresho bidasanzwe bya catalitiki

Ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya catalitiki bigira uruhare runini mubukungu bwigihugu, bushobora gukoreshwa cyane mubidukikije n’ingufu, bigateza imbere ikoreshwa ryinshi ryinshi n’ibintu bidasanzwe by’ubutaka bidasanzwe lanthanum na cerium, bigabanya neza kandi bigakemura ubusumbane bw’imikoreshereze idasanzwe y’ubutaka; mu Bushinwa, guteza imbere ingufu n’ikoranabuhanga ry’ibidukikije, no guteza imbere ubuzima bw’abantu. Cataliseri yamenagura amavuta hamwe na moteri yimodoka isukuye isukuye nigikoresho kidasanzwe cyibikoresho bya catalitiki yubutaka bwa dosiye ebyiri zikoreshwa cyane, zirimo catalizike yamenagura amavuta, isoko igendanwa (ibinyabiziga bifite moteri, amato, imashini zubuhinzi, nibindi) catalizike yo gutunganya ibyuka, isoko ihamye (gaze imyanda yo mu nganda hanze yububiko, gutwika gazi karemano, gutunganya imyanda kama, nibindi) catiseri yo gutunganya gazi umurizo, nibindi.

Ugereranije na catalizator isa kwisi, catalizike yo murugo yageze kurwego rumwe mubikorwa byabo byo gukoresha. Ariko muri moteri ya moteri itanga isuku, uruganda rukoreshwa namakara hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwinganda zangiza inganda, nka cerium zirconium ibikoresho bidasanzwe byo kubika ogisijeni yisi, ibikoresho bya alumina byahinduwe, ubunini bunini, ubwikorezi bwurukuta rwa ultra-thin (> mesh 600) umusaruro munini, hamwe na sisitemu ihuza tekinoroji yingenzi nibikoresho, nibindi, hamwe niterambere ryamahanga ryo hanze riracyafite icyuho runaka.

(6) Isuku ryinshi ryubutaka budasanzwe nibikoresho bigenewe

Icyuma kinini cyubutaka budasanzwe nicyo kintu cyibanze cyibikoresho byo gukora ubushakashatsi no guteza imbere ibikoresho byubuhanga buhanitse, bikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bya magneti, ibikoresho bya optique, ibikoresho bya catalitiki, ibikoresho byo kubika hydrogène, ibikoresho bya ceramic bikora, gusohora ibikoresho bigenewe amakuru ya elegitoroniki n'indi mirima. Kugeza mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20, amabuye y'agaciro ya co., LTD. umuzunguruko uhuriweho, ibikoresho byitumanaho 5G, ibikoresho byimbaraga nyinshi hamwe na sensor yubwenge, ububiko bukomeye bwa leta nibindi bicuruzwa byikoranabuhanga bya kijyambere bitanga ibikoresho byingenzi bifasha. Ibyamamare ku isi byera cyane byuma bidasanzwe byisi hamwe ninganda zikora ibikoresho byibanda cyane cyane mubuyapani Toscao Corporation, Honeywell International Corporation hamwe nibindi bigo 500 byamahirwe. Ubushinwa bufite isuku nke cyane ibyuma byubutaka hamwe ninganda zikora ibikoresho byibanda cyane cyane harimo Zhongyan Rare Earth New Materials Co., Ltd., Hunan Rare Earth Metal Materials Research Institute, nibindi. Haracyariho icyuho cyo guhanga udushya, ibikoresho bigezweho, ubushakashatsi bwibanze. n'ibindi. Kugeza ubu, Ubushinwa bwacishije mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gutegura ubutare buhebuje bw’ubutaka budasanzwe, ariko haracyari intera nini yo kumenya inganda no kwemeza iterambere ry’umuzunguruko hamwe n’inganda zikoresha amakuru ya elegitoroniki.

3. Ingorane nibibazo mugutezimbere ibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi

Ukurikije ubushakashatsi bwavuzwe haruguru bwibikoresho bidasanzwe bikoreshwa mubutaka, urashobora gusanga umutungo wisi udasanzwe, nkumutungo udasanzwe udashobora kuvugururwa wumutungo wingenzi wibikorwa byisi, byahoze mubintu byibandwaho kwisi yose. Kuva ubushyamirane bw’ubucuruzi hagati y’Ubushinwa na Amerika, isi idasanzwe n’ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya rukuruzi byahindutse "amagambo yingenzi" bikunze kuvugwa n’ibitangazamakuru byo mu gihugu ndetse n’amahanga. Impamvu nuko ubwiganze bwubutaka budasanzwe bwubushinwa hamwe nubutaka budasanzwe buhoraho ibikoresho byinganda zikoresha inganda hamwe niterambere ryiterambere ryisi ridasanzwe ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho biteye impungenge Amerika. Nubwo Ubushinwa budasanzwe bw’ubutaka hamwe n’ubucukuzi bw’ubutaka budasanzwe, guhitamo no gushonga mu buhanga biri ku mwanya wa mbere ku isi, kandi bukaba bufite n’ikoranabuhanga ry’umwimerere, buracyafite ingorane n’ibibazo byinshi mu iterambere ry’ibikoresho bidasanzwe by’ubutaka.

Ibikoresho bidakunze gukoreshwa ku isi bituruka ku mbogamizi zituruka hanze, ahanini biva muri Amerika kugera kuri "sisitemu ya guo + ingando ku isi", igerageza "gukuraho byimazeyo" uburyo bwo kwikuramo ibintu biterwa n’ubushinwa budasanzwe bw’ubutaka bwa rukuruzi, icyarimwe bikangurira ibindi bihugu kureka ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bidasanzwe by’ubushinwa bihoraho, kugira ngo bikumire kandi bigabanye iterambere ryihuse ry’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga ridasanzwe ry’isi n’inganda zikoreshwa mu gihugu cyacu. Ku rundi ruhande, mu gice cyo hagati no munsi y’ibikorwa bikoreshwa mu bikoresho bidasanzwe by’ubutaka, ibyinshi mu bushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’Ubushinwa biri mu buryo bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu mahanga. Nubwo mu myaka yashize mu gihugu cyacu mu bijyanye n’ibikoresho bidasanzwe by’ubutaka porogaramu ziyongera vuba, ariko igice kinini cy’ibintu byatejwe imbere n’ipatanti nziza, bifite uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’umutungo bwite mu bwenge, cyane cyane ipatanti mpuzamahanga yambere, ikoranabuhanga ry’ibanze n'imbogamizi za tekiniki z'amahanga, zagize ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere yo hejuru yinganda zidasanzwe ziterambere ryisi no mumahanga.

Ibibazo byimbere mubikoresho bidasanzwe byubutaka bikomoka ahanini kubitagenda neza byinganda zinganda zidasanzwe hamwe no kutitaho bihagije "guhimba ikibaho kirekire"; ibigo n’ibigo by’ubushakashatsi bahitamo gushyigikira ubushakashatsi bwigihe gito n’ikoranabuhanga ryigana, hamwe n’inkunga idahagije ku ikoranabuhanga ryumwimerere hamwe n’ingorabahizi zikomeye z’iterambere, igiciro kinini cy’iterambere ndetse n’iterambere rirerire mu ikoranabuhanga; ubumenyi bwinshi hamwe n’inganda zikorana n’ubushakashatsi hamwe nubushobozi bwiterambere mubijyanye nibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi bikora bigomba gushimangirwa. Isesengura rya nyuma, Ubushinwa bwambere bwo guhanga udushya ntibuhagije, kandi ubushobozi bwo kugenzura ikoranabuhanga ryibanze ryibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi bikora intege nke.

Kubwibyo, hibandwa ku iterambere ryibikoresho bidasanzwe bikoreshwa mu isi mu 2035, hakwiye kwitabwaho cyane mu iyubakwa ryigenga ryigenga ry’ubushobozi bw’ibikoresho bidasanzwe by’ubutaka biturutse ku isi yose, harimo kugenzura ikoranabuhanga ry’ibanze, kwiga no kwishyira hamwe hamwe ikoranabuhanga mpuzamahanga ryateye imbere, kimwe nibyiza byinganda zidasanzwe zikora isi kandi zikaba nini kandi zikomeye.

4. Ntibisanzwe ibikoresho bikora kwisi mubitekerezo byiterambere bizaza, iterambere ryingenzi Icyerekezo nintego ziterambere

(1) Ibitekerezo byiterambere

Byahujwe cyane ningamba zigihugu, Uhujwe nibihe bizaza bizakoreshwa nka robo zifite ubwenge, imigi yubwenge, inyanja niterambere ry’inyenyeri, sosiyete nini ya data hamwe na docking ya man-man, Wibande ku buhanga n’inganda mu bushakashatsi bw’ikoranabuhanga rikomeye, Duharanire gutera intambwe muri tekinoroji yibanze yo gutegura, ibikoresho byubwubatsi byubwenge, ibikoresho byihariye byo gupima hamwe nubuhanga bwabyo bwo gukoresha ibikoresho byisi bidasanzwe bikoreshwa mubutaka, ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya luminescent, ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya catalitiki yubutaka, ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya catalitiki yisi, ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya kirisitu, ibyuma byisi bidasanzwe kandi bidasanzwe ibikoresho; Binyuze mu guhanga udushya tw’inganda zose, Tuzateza imbere guteza imbere no gushyira mu bikorwa ibyagezweho mu iterambere, Kugira ngo habeho itangwa ry’ibikoresho byingenzi bikenewe mu ngamba nk’inganda zigenda zitera imbere, ingabo z’igihugu, n’inganda zikora ubwenge, Hanyuma, tumenye ubwigenge gutanga ibikoresho byo murwego rwohejuru bikoreshwa mubikoresho bidasanzwe byisi; Kora imipaka yibanze nubushakashatsi bwubushakashatsi, Binyuze mubushakashatsi bwimbitse no gukusanya ibibazo bya siyansi, Kandi utange ibitekerezo byinshi byumwimerere, Kora ibintu byavumbuwe byumwimerere, Kubona icyiciro cyibintu bidasanzwe byisi ibikoresho bishya no gukoresha ibisubizo byumwimerere; Kugira ngo Ubushinwa bugere ku ngamba zifatika ziva mu mbaraga zidasanzwe z’ubutaka zikaba ingufu z’ubutaka budasanzwe, Kugira ngo habeho iterambere ry’ejo hazaza h’ikoranabuhanga ridasanzwe ry’inganda n’inganda, Gutanga inkunga ifatika kugira ngo intego z’Ubushinwa zigerweho "gushyira mu myanya ya mbere mu bihugu by’indashyikirwa. muri 2035 ".

(2) Icyerekezo cyingenzi cyiterambere

1. Tekinoroji yingenzi yo gutegura ultra-high performance imikorere idasanzwe ya magneti ibikoresho bihoraho hamwe no gukoresha neza kandi kuringaniza isi idasanzwe

Urebye societe yubwenge izaza ifite imikorere ya magneti ihanitse yibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho hamwe nubuhanga bushya nibikoresho bikenewe kugirango ibikorwa bya magneti bihoraho bitandukane, bihuza ivugurura ryubumenyi n amategeko yamateka yimpinduka zikoranabuhanga, hamwe niterambere ryiterambere ryimikorere idasanzwe yisi idasanzwe ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho gutunganya ingano no guhuza imipaka yikoranabuhanga ryingenzi nko gusobanukirwa, kugirango habeho ibintu byingenzi byiterambere.

(1)Ibikoresho bya magnetiki ya NdFeB bihoraho: wibande ku buhanga bwo gutegura NdfeB yacumuye kandi ikora neza cyane, ubushakashatsi ku buryo bwo gukwirakwiza imbibi za kirisitu z’ubutaka budasanzwe muri magneti NdFeB yacumuye, ubushakashatsi ku ikoranabuhanga rya NdFeB ryacumuye kandi rikoreshwa, tekinoroji yo guhanura serivisi hamwe n’igitekerezo cya gucumura Magnets ya NdFeB, nibindi

(2)Samarium cobalt ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho: wibande kuburyo bwibanze bwo kugenzura ibintu byinshi bisigara bya samariyumu ya cobalt isigaye, kugenga ibice bya nanostructure hamwe na microregion mugutegura ubwubatsi bwa samariyumu cobalt ikora cyane, ubushakashatsi kuri tekinoroji ya antioxydeant ya samarium cobalt hejuru koresha ubushyuhe, hamwe nubuhanga bwo kurinda hejuru yubushyuhe bwo hejuru samarium cobalt magnet ihoraho, nibindi.

(3)Ibikoresho bya rukuruzi ya Thermopress bihoraho: wibande kubushakashatsi bwuburyo bwo gukora anisotropy yuburyo bwimbaraga zumuvuduko ukabije wa rukuruzi ya magnetiki, ubushakashatsi ku buhanga bwo gutegura ifu ya magnetiki ikora cyane kumashanyarazi ashyushye, tekinoroji yo gutegura no gukoresha imbaraga zishyushye zishyushye zihoraho , ibikoresho byo gutegura injeniyeri no gutunganya ikoranabuhanga ryiterambere ryumuvuduko mwinshi ushushe impeta ya magnetiki, nibindi.

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5 y'isi idasanzwe ibikoresho bya magnetiki bihoraho.

（6） Ukurikije ibiranga ibikoresho bikora bya magneti, wige amahame mashya nibikoresho bishya byo kwipimisha no kwipimisha, hanyuma buhoro buhoro ukureho gushingira kubisesengura nibikoresho byo gupima mubihugu byamahanga.

2. Isi nshya idasanzwe ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho hamwe na tekinoroji yingenzi yo gukoresha

Muri rusange muri rusange ubukungu buke bwa karubone bukwira isi yose, ibihugu byo ku isi byita ku kurengera ibidukikije ndetse n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere nka siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga. Ibyingenzi byingenzi byiterambere birimo: guteza imbere inzira ya gari ya moshi ifite ubwenge na sisitemu yo gukora inganda zifite ubwenge; Gutezimbere ibikoresho bya magnetiki bihoraho hamwe na sisitemu ya magnetique hamwe na magnetiki ihoraho ihoraho ikorana buhanga hamwe na magnetiki eddy ihoraho; iterambere ryisi idasanzwe ibikoresho bya magnetiki bihoraho kugirango birwanye ruswa irwanya moteri ihoraho ya moteri itanga amashanyarazi hamwe nibidukikije byangiza; Gutezimbere ibikoresho bya magnetiki bihoraho hamwe ningufu zikomeye za magnetique, imbaraga nyinshi zagahato, miniaturizasiya hamwe nibisobanuro bihanitse byo gukoresha nka robot numujyi wubwenge.

2. Ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bidasanzwe ibikoresho bya luminescent hamwe nibikoresho byingenzi byo gutegura nibikoresho

Hamwe nogukenera ubwiza bwisoko ryumucyo kumasoko yumucyo wa semiconductor, birakenewe ko twibanda mugutezimbere ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bidasanzwe byohereza isi hamwe nubuhanga bwabo bwingenzi bwo gutegura ibikoresho nibikoresho byujuje ibisabwa murwego rwo kumurika, kwerekana no kumenya amakuru. Ibyingenzi byingenzi byiterambere bikubiyemo: intambwe yingenzi yibintu bishya bidasanzwe-isi luminescent nkibintu bitagaragara kandi byangiza imyuka; guteza imbere inyigisho hamwe nuburyo bwa tekiniki bwo kuzamura imyuka ihumanya ikirere hifashishijwe urumuri rwa violet; gutezimbere ibikoresho byingirakamaro cyane bigabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere, ibara ryinshi ryera icyatsi nicyatsi gitukura; gushushanya no guteza imbere ibikoresho bishya hamwe nuburenganzira bwumutungo wubwenge wigenga ukoresheje ihame ryo guhuza imiterere no gusimbuza umutungo ungana, no gukora igishushanyo mbonera gishingiye ku bikoresho byinjira cyane kugirango ubone urukurikirane rwibikoresho bishya bidasanzwe-isi.

4.Ke tekinoroji yo gutegura ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya catalitiki

Ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya catalitiki ni ibikoresho byubuhanga buhanitse biteza imbere ikoreshwa ryinshi ryinshi kandi ryoroheje ryibintu bidasanzwe byisi lanthanum na cerium, bigabanya neza kandi bigakemura ubusumbane bwimikoreshereze yubutaka budasanzwe mubushinwa, guteza imbere ingufu nikoranabuhanga ryibidukikije, guteza imbere imibereho yabaturage, no kuzamura imibereho yabantu. Ibyingenzi byingenzi byiterambere bikubiyemo: guteza imbere imikorere ihanitse, kuzigama ingufu hamwe nubuzima burebure bwa peteroli ya chimique idasanzwe ya catalitiki yisi, ingufu zisukuye ibikoresho bya catalitiki yubutaka budasanzwe, kugenzura ibinyabiziga byangiza imyanda no kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya ikirere byangiza ibidukikije bidasanzwe bya catalitiki nurufunguzo ikoranabuhanga mu nganda; wibande ku iterambere rya tekinoroji yingenzi yo guteranya nano cage molekulari no gutegura ibikoresho bya cerium zirconium hamwe nubuso bwihariye bwihariye, iterambere ryibikorwa bya ultra-high performance ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya catalitiki yubutaka, hamwe nogukoresha muburyo bukoreshwa mubutaka budasanzwe bwa catalitiki yo kweza ibice byingenzi kandi bigendanwa sisitemu yo gusohora sisitemu kugirango tumenye aho biherereye.

5. Iterambere ridasanzwe ryibikoresho bya kirisiti hamwe nubuhanga bwabo bwo gutegura inganda

Ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya kirisitu bikoreshwa cyane mukwirwanaho kwigihugu, ibikoresho bya siyansi bigezweho, kuvura, gutahura, kugenzura umutekano nizindi nzego. Ni gake cyane ibikoresho bya kirisiti hamwe nubuhanga bwabo bwo gutegura inganda ninzira nyamukuru yiterambere mugihe kizaza

Icyerekezo cyingenzi cyiterambere cyisi idasanzwe ya laser kristal ikubiyemo: iterambere ryubunini bunini nubwiza buhanitse budasanzwe bwa lazeri kristal ikura hamwe nikoranabuhanga ritunganya ibikoresho;.

Gutezimbere tekinoroji yo gutegura neza yubutaka budasanzwe bwa laser kristal na laser fibre; tekinoroji nshya ya tekinoroji ikoreshwa ishingiye kubutaka budasanzwe laser kristal.

6. Gutegura tekinoroji yubuziranenge-budasanzwe ubutare bwintego nintego

Igisekuru gishya cyamakuru ya elegitoroniki nibikoresho byingufu nibyo byerekezo byingenzi byogukoresha ubuziranenge bwo hejuru bwubutaka budasanzwe nibicuruzwa bigenewe. Mu bihe biri imbere, ubushakashatsi bwingenzi n’icyerekezo cy’iterambere ry’ibikoresho by’ubutaka bidasanzwe bifite: tekinoroji yo gutanga ibikoresho by'ibanze bigamije iterambere ry’ubutaka buke budasanzwe; guteza imbere uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura isuku hamwe nibikoresho binini byogeza vacuum nk'itanura rinini hamwe n'itanura rimwe rya kirisiti; iterambere ryisesengura no gutahura tekinoroji yumwanda muri ultra high yera yubutaka budasanzwe nibikoresho bigenewe.

(3) Intego z'iterambere

1.2025 intego: Kurangiza inzibacyuho yinganda zidasanzwe kuva gukurikira kugera kwiruka no gukora

Kugeza 2025, izaba igihugu gikomeye mubijyanye nibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi. Kubisekuru bishya byikoranabuhanga ryamakuru, ubwikorezi bugezweho, igisekuru gishya cyo kumurika no kwerekana, kubungabunga ingufu, kurengera ibidukikije, guhuza imiyoboro, ubuvuzi bw’ibinyabuzima, kurinda igihugu, ibikenewe by’iterambere rikomeye, umutware wibanze ufite uburenganzira bwubwenge bwigenga bwibikoresho bya rukuruzi zidasanzwe. hamwe nikoranabuhanga ryibanze ryibikoresho byo gukora, ibinyabiziga bishya byingufu, icyogajuru, moteri ya servo moteri nibindi bikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bikoreshwa, ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya magneti ibikoresho bihoraho bigera kuri 70%. Gucamo ibice hamwe na tekinoroji ihamye yo gutegura ibikoresho bidasanzwe bya luminescent, kandi igipimo cyaho cyiyongereye kugera kuri 80%; gucamo hifashishijwe uburyo bwingenzi bwo gutegura ibikoresho bishya bidasanzwe byubutaka nkibikoresho bikora cyane bidasanzwe bya kirisiti ya kirisiti, isuku ryinshi ryubutaka budasanzwe hamwe nibikoresho bigenewe, byujuje ibisabwa nibikoresho byubuvuzi bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru, gutahura ubwenge, kuzenguruka hamwe, nibindi, nibindi, gusimbuza igice; guteza imbere ibikoresho bishya bidasanzwe byisi nibikorwa byikoranabuhanga byo gutegura, no kwagura imirima mishya. Kugeza mu 2025, Ubushinwa buzaba bwifashishije ikoranabuhanga ry’ibanze ry’ibikoresho bidasanzwe by’isi bidasanzwe, kandi bizashyiraho ibigo byinshi by’amahanga ndetse n’inganda z’inganda zifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’amahanga mu turere duhanganye. Umwanya dufite murwego rwinganda zinganda zizamurwa cyane, kandi inzibacyuho yinganda zidasanzwe ziva mubukurikira zijya kurangira.

Intego 2.2030: Kubanza kubaka Ubushinwa mubihugu bidasanzwe byisi

Kugeza 2030, mubijyanye nibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi bikora, ubushobozi bwo guhanga udushya buzatera imbere cyane, kandi burashobora kuyobora ubushakashatsi bwisi yose hamwe niterambere ryinganda ryibikoresho bidasanzwe bya magneti bihoraho, kandi bikabanza kugera kuntego yo kuba inganda zidasanzwe kwisi. Imikorere ikomeye cyane ya magneti ihoraho muri robo, ibikoresho byubuvuzi, ikirere, interineti yibintu, amato, peteroli n’ibindi bikoresho bikomeye hamwe n’ubuhanga bukoreshwa mu buhanga, umutware ufite uburenganzira bw’umutungo bwite w’ubwenge ku bikoresho bidasanzwe bya rukuruzi n’ibikoresho byo gukora, ibinyabiziga bishya by’ingufu, kugenda 042 ikirere cyo mu kirere, moteri ya servo moteri nibindi bikoresho byo murwego rwohejuru bikoreshwa mubikoresho, isi idasanzwe ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho gusimbuza intsinzi yageze kuri 80%.

3. 2035 intego: Kubaka isi imbaraga zidasanzwe zisi

Kugeza 2035, intambwe nini izagerwaho mubijyanye nibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi bikora, kandi ubushobozi bwo guhanga udushya buzanozwa cyane. Urwego rusange rwo guhanga udushya mubijyanye nubutaka budasanzwe ibikoresho bishya bizagera kumurongo wibihugu byo ku rwego rwisi, guhangana muri rusange bizashimangirwa ku buryo bugaragara, ibyiza bimwe na bimwe bizashiraho ubushobozi bwo guhanga udushya ku isi, kandi byubake Ubushinwa mu bihugu by’isi ku isi idasanzwe. ibikoresho.

Ntibisanzwe isi ihoraho ya magneti, ibikoresho bya catalitiki, nibikoresho bimurika bigeze kurwego mpuzamahanga rwateye imbere, bigera ku kwihaza byuzuye. Igipimo cyo kwihaza cya optique ikora ya kristu hamwe na ultra-yera idasanzwe kubutaka bwo kurinda igihugu birenze 95%; tekinoroji yingenzi yibanze nuburenganzira bwumutungo wubwenge bwibikoresho bidasanzwe bya magnetiki nibikoresho bya magnetiki byo mu rwego rwo hejuru nkibinyabiziga bishya byingufu, kurinda igihugu, ikirere, inganda zubwenge, ubuvuzi, ubwubatsi bwa Marine, bigize icyiciro cyibikoresho byumwimerere bidasanzwe byubutaka, aho uburenganzira bwumutungo wubwenge bwigisekuru gishya cyibikoresho bidasanzwe bya magneti bihoraho biri mumaboko yUbushinwa. Ubushinwa bwashyizeho ubwigenge bufite ibipimo birenga 30% by’ibipimo mpuzamahanga, kandi bifite ijwi mu gushyiraho ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru; gutsimbataza impano zidasanzwe hamwe nitsinda ryibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi bikora, kumenya uburyo bushya bwiterambere bwo gutwara ibintu bishya ukoresheje ibikoresho bidasanzwe byubutaka, kandi ugashyiraho uburyo bushya bwo guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga hamwe na sisitemu yinganda kugirango itange urubuga rwikoranabuhanga ryumwimerere.

4. icyifuzo cya politiki

Ingamba ziterambere 2035 kubikoresho bidasanzwe bikoreshwa mubutaka, byihutisha iyubakwa ryiterambere rishya ryiterambere rya siyansi nikoranabuhanga mu bikoresho bidasanzwe bikoreshwa ku isi, guhuza ubumenyi bwa tekinoloji n’ikoranabuhanga hamwe n’abakozi mu turere duke twiganjemo isi, no gushimangira "ikibaho kirekire. "akarusho mu isi idasanzwe. Bikwiye kwihatira kunoza ubushobozi bwumwimerere bwo guhanga udushya, ubwubatsi bunini hamwe nubushobozi bugezweho, guteza imbere inganda zicyatsi cyibikoresho bidasanzwe byubutaka, guteza imbere cyane byujuje ibisabwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru hamwe nuburenganzira bwumutungo wubwenge bwigenga bwibikorwa byo hejuru bidasanzwe magnetiki, urumuri, amashanyarazi na ibindi bikoresho bishya byikoranabuhanga hamwe nubuhanga bukoreshwa, shiraho ibikoresho byubutaka byateye imbere mubushinwa "hamwe n" "urubuga rwo guhanga udushya, kubaka ibikoresho bidasanzwe byubutaka no gukoresha urwego rw’ubukungu bw’ubukungu buke bwa karubone, rwashizweho n’uburenganzira bw’umutungo bwite w’ubwenge bw’Ubushinwa bw’ubukorikori bukomeye bw’ibikoresho by’ubutaka bidasanzwe, buhoro buhoro menya imbaraga zidasanzwe zo kubyara isi igana ingufu zidasanzwe zisi. Politiki n'ingamba zihariye birasabwa ku buryo bukurikira:

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Icya mbere, kwihutisha ishyirwaho rya sisitemu yumutungo wubwenge, sisitemu yikoranabuhanga, sisitemu yimpano na sisitemu yububiko bwibikoresho bidasanzwe byubutaka byahujwe kurwego rwigihugu.

Icya kabiri, shimangira ubudahwema no gukomeza gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda yo mu gihe giciriritse nigihe kirekire mu bijyanye n’ibikoresho bidasanzwe bikoreshwa ku isi, shiraho inkunga ya leta ndende kandi ihamye kandi wirinde inkunga rimwe na rimwe.

Icya gatatu, gushimangira imyumvire yo kurengera umutungo bwite wubwenge mubijyanye nibikoresho bidasanzwe byubutaka, kunoza gahunda yamategeko nuburyo bwo gushyira mubikorwa uburyo bwo kurinda umutungo bwite wubwenge, gushimangira no gushyira mubikorwa ingamba zo gushimangira ibikorwa byo guhanga udushya twabashakashatsi, kandi bigatera imbaraga za endogenous no kuvuka kwa tekinoroji yubuhanga bwibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi nibikorwa byinganda.

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Icya mbere, tuzatanga inkunga ndende kandi ihamye kubigo byubushakashatsi hamwe nitsinda ryipiganwa mubyiza byisi bidasanzwe, kandi dushyireho urwego rwigihugu rwo guhanga udushya mu bumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga ku bikoresho bidasanzwe bikoreshwa ku isi mu nzego zitandukanye vuba bishoboka.

Icya kabiri, tanga uruhare rwose kuruhare rwinzobere nabato bageze mu za bukuru mu kubaka impano echelon kugirango wirinde amakosa yimpano no gutakaza umutungo wimpano.

Icya gatatu, shimangira guhugura abasore bumugongo nabatekinisiye b'igihe cyose mubijyanye nibikoresho bidasanzwe byisi. Ku mpano zidasanzwe za tekiniki, urwego rwo gusuzuma politiki rushobora kurekurwa muburyo bukwiye, kandi mugihe batanze umusanzu, bafite amahirwe yo kumenya agaciro kabo, kugirango impano ziyobora zishobore kuzamurwa mubikorwa byubushakashatsi bwa siyanse no guhanga udushya.

(3) Gushimangira ubufatanye mpuzamahanga mu bijyanye n’ibikoresho bidasanzwe bikoreshwa ku isi no kuzamura ubushobozi bw’Ubushinwa ku isi mu bijyanye n’ibikoresho bidasanzwe by’isi bikora

Icya mbere, mubidukikije mpuzamahanga bigezweho, hagomba gukoreshwa amahirwe atandukanye muguhana abakozi mpuzamahanga no guhanahana amakuru kubumenyi bwikoranabuhanga nikoranabuhanga bidasanzwe; ishami rishinzwe imiyoborere rigomba kugerageza korohereza guhanahana ubumenyi n’ubumenyi mpuzamahanga, koroshya imipaka y’abashakashatsi kwitabira inama z’amasomo no kungurana ibitekerezo, kandi bakirinda ubushakashatsi bwa tekiniki n’iterambere rya "kwifata" biterwa n’inyungu z’ibanze n’ishami.

Icya kabiri, dukurikije uko ibintu bimeze muri iki gihe haba mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yarwo, mu gihe dushimangira kuzenguruka imbere mu rwego rw’ibikoresho bidasanzwe bikoreshwa mu isi, dukwiye kwihatira kwagura isoko mpuzamahanga no kwagura uruzinduko mpuzamahanga. Ku ruhande rumwe, shimangira urwego rwo kwugururira isi, kugumana no gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutangiza imishinga yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ikoreshwa ninganda zidasanzwe ku isi ibikoresho bishya, gushiraho no gushyiraho uburyo bushya bw’isi idasanzwe ku isi inganda n’ibikoresho bishya hamwe na umuryango w'ikoranabuhanga ridasanzwe ku isi; kurundi ruhande, humura mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro ibicuruzwa biva mu butaka bidasanzwe kugirango ugabanye umuvuduko wo kurengera ibidukikije mu gihugu no gukoresha umutungo; icyarimwe, ushishikarize inganda zidasanzwe zubushinwa gusohoka, kugura, kugura imigabane no gukora isi nshya idasanzwe nkibikoresho bya robot servo moteri na moteri yimodoka ikoresha moteri Ibigo byiza byibicuruzwa bikoresha tekinoroji bizamura ubucuruzi nubumenyi n'ibidukikije biteza imbere ikoranabuhanga mu gihugu no hanze yacyo, kugira ngo isi irushanwe guhangana ku isi mu Bushinwa budasanzwe bukoreshwa mu bikoresho by’inganda n’ibicuruzwa.