Maitiro ekudzokorodza Rare Earth Motors Hunhu kuvandudzwa kwemigodhi yemumaguta
Kukosha kweUrban Mine Development yeKunatsiridza Hunhu muRare Earth Motor Recycling
Nepo zviwanikwa zvepasi zviri kuramba zvichipera, “chitubu” chakasiyana-siyana chemarara emaguta chiri kuramba chichikura, uye maguta ava nzvimbo hurusa dzine zviwanikwa munzanga yevanhu. Zviwanikwa zvakatorwa kubva pasi zviri kuunganidzwa mumaguta nenzira yemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzezvigadzirwa, uye zvakasara zviripo pakupera kwemaitiro ekushandisa zvakashandura maguta kuita imwe mhando ye "mine". Zvinoenderana nedata rakaburitswa neUS Geological Survey (USGS) muna 2023, nzvimbo dzekuChina dzisingawanzo kuchengetwa dzakaita 35.2% yepasirese, migodhi inosvika makumi mashanu nesere muzana epasi rose, uye isingawanzo kushandiswa kwepasi kwakaverengera makumi matanhatu neshanu muzana epasirese. kutanga munyika mumativi ose matatu. China ndiyo inogadzira pasi rose, mutengesi kunze, uye mushandisi wepasi risingawanzo, iri pachinzvimbo chepamusoro. Huwandu hukuru hwezvigadzirwa zvepasi zvisingawanzo zvakapinda mune ese maficha ekushandiswa kwemaindasitiri. Dhata kubva kuHuajing Industrial Research Institute inoratidza kuti zvisingawanzo pasi magineti zvechigarire zvakaverengera zvinopfuura makumi mana neshanu muzana zveChina zvisingawanzo kushandiswa kwepasi muna 2023, nehuwandu hwezvinhu izvi zvakaiswa kumotokari nyowani dzemagetsi nemavhiri maviri emagetsi.
Migodhi yemaguta ine marudzi akasiyana-siyana, nzvimbo dzakawanda, nzvimbo dzakachengetwa dzakakura, uye mamakisi epamusoro asingaenzaniswi nemigodhi yakasikwa. Sekureva kweUnited Nations "2020 Global E-waste Detection" mushumo, huwandu hwepasi rose e-waste hwakasvika 53.6 miriyoni matani muna 2019, 82.6% ichiraswa kana kupiswa pasina kudzokororwa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pasi rose e-waste muna 2030 ichasvika 74.7 miriyoni matani. Kurasa isingawanzo marara epasi mota mumotokari dzemagetsi emagetsi maviri-mavhiri maviri (kusanganisira midhudhudhu yemagetsi, mabhasikoro emagetsi, ma scooters emagetsi) ane yakakwirira-kuchena mbishi zvinhu zvakapfuma mune ore, giredhi, uye zvisingawanzo zvigadzirwa zvepasi zvinofananidzwa nepasi isingawanzo. Vanomiririra migodhi yeguta chaiyo isingawanzoitiki. Rare Earths, sechishandiso chisingadzokerikezve, chine kukosha kwakakosha kwekugadzirisa nekudzokorodza kwekusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika.
Maererano neEVTank, sangano rekutsvagisa musika, kutumirwa kwepasi rose kwemagetsi maviri-mavhiri akasvika 67.4 miriyoni zvikamu muna 2023. China yakaverengera 81.9% yekutengesa kwepasi rose kwemagetsi mavhiri maviri, Europe ye9.2%, uye mamwe matunhu e8.9 %. Pakupera kwa2023, hutori hwemotokari dzemagetsi dzemavhiri maviri dzekuChina hwakasvika mamirioni mazana mana, nenyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakaita seVietnam, India, neIndonesia zvakare dziine mota dzakakosha dzemagetsi dzine mavhiri maviri. Mota dzepasi rose dzesimba idzva dzakasangana mumakore maviri apfuura, nekutengesa kunosvika zviuru gumi zvemamiriyoni muna 2022 uye 14.653 miriyoni mayunitsi muna 2023. Zvinotarisirwa kuti kutengesa kwepasi rose kuchapfuura mamirioni makumi maviri muna 2024, neChina ichipa 60% kutengesa kwenyika yose. Huridzi hwemotokari nyowani dzepasi rose muna 2023 hwasvika mazana mana emamiriyoni emayuniti, nemamiriyoni makumi mana emagetsi ari mota nyowani. Inotarisirwa kukura paavhareji yegore negore ye23% pakati pe2023 ne2035, inosvika mamiriyoni e245 mamiriyoni mu2030 uye inowedzera kuwedzera kusvika kumamiriyoni e505 mamiriyoni muna 2035. Kukura kwekukura kunokurumidza. Sekureva kweEuropean Automobile Manufacturers 'Association (EAMA), muna 2023, 3.009 miriyoni itsva magetsi ekufambisa mota dzakanyoreswa munyika makumi matatu neshanu dzeEurope, zvichiratidza kuwedzera kwegore negore kwe16.2%, paine chiyero chitsva chekupinda kwemotokari ye23.4%. . Iyo Alliance for Automotive Innovation (AAI) yakashuma kuti kutengeswa kwemotokari nyowani dzeUS magetsi emagetsi muzvikamu zvitatu zvekutanga zve2023 zvakasvika mamirioni 1.038, kuwedzera kwegore negore kwe59%. The Starting Point Research Institute (SPIR) data inofanotaura kuti mwero wepasi rose wekupinda kwemotokari nyowani dzesimba uchasvika 56.2% muna 2030, neChina nyowani yemagetsi mota yekupinda inosvika 78%, Europe's 70%, US 52%, nedzimwe nyika. '30%. Kune maguta ane migodhi yemudhorobha isingapere, uye kuvandudzwa kwemigodhi yepasi isingawanzo kugadzirwa kwakakosha kwenguva refu mukugadzirisa nharaunda, kuwana simba remitengo yepasi rose, uye kusimudzira kusimudzira kwehupfumi hwenyika. .
Pasi rese, musika wekudzokorodza weakashandiswa isingawanzo epasi mota ane yakakosha kugona. Sekureva kwesangano rekutsvagisa musika SNE Tsvagiridzo, huwandu hwemotokari nyowani dzesimba dzakaraswa pasi rese dzinofungidzirwa kuwedzera kubva pa560,000 muna 2025 kusvika 4.11 miriyoni muna 2030, 17.84 miriyoni muna 2035, uye 42.77 miriyoni muna 2040.
(1) Kumhanyisa shanduko kuenda kugirinhi, denderedzwa, uye yakaderera-kabhoni.
Kushandiswa kwechinyakare zviwanikwa kunosanganisira nzira imwe chete yekuyerera kwezviwanikwa kubva pakugadzira nzira kuenda kune yekushandisa link uye pakupedzisira kutambisa. Dzidziso yehupfumi hwedenderedzwa inotanga nzira itsva yekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa nekushandura iyi nzira imwe chete inoyerera kuva nzira mbiri. Kuvandudzwa kwemigodhi yemumaguta kunonetsa nzira yechinyakare yekutora zviwanikwa uye inomiririra kutenderera kwenzira mbiri. Nekudzokorodza marara, hazvingodzikisi marara chete uye zvinowedzera zviwanikwa asiwo zvinogadzira mikana mitsva yebudiriro yemaguta kuburikidza nemaitiro ekuderedza nekusimudzira.
Migodhi yemusikirwo inoburitsa tsvina yakawanda nekuda kwezviwanikwa zvishoma uye kumanikidzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Mukupesana, kuvandudzwa kwemigodhi yemaguta inokurumidza kukura, isina kuchena, inodhura zvishoma haibvisi kudikanwa kwokunzvera, migodhi, uye kudzorerwa kwevhu asiwo kunoderedza zvikuru kugadzirwa kwemarara. Kuchinja uku kunoshandura tsika yechinyakare yekukura modhi ye "mining-smelting-manufacturing-waste" kuti iite denderedzwa yekusimudzira modhi ye "zviwanikwa-zvigadzirwa-marara-zvinovandudzwa zviwanikwa". Kuwanda kuri kuwedzera kwemota dzemagetsi dzakaraswa uye mota dzemagetsi dzine mavhiri maviri gore rega rega dzinobatsira mukukura kwenzvimbo isingawanzo chengeterwa migodhi yepasi. Kudzoreredza zvimbambaira izvi zvisingawanzo wiriraniswa nemisimboti yekukura kwegirinhi, sekuchengetedza zviwanikwa, kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba, uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza.
(2) Kudzokorodza kuchengetedza zviwanikwa
Maonero ekuona kudzokororwazve kwehunyanzvi hwezvicherwa zvine chekuita nekusimudzirwa kwenguva refu kwehupfumi hwenyika. Giredhi resimbi, simbi dzinokosha dzisingawanzo, uye zviwanikwa zvepasi zvisingawanzo mumigodhi yemudhorobha zvine gumi nemazana kana nemazana zvakapetwa kupfuura izvo zvechisikigo ores. Zvigadzirwa zvepasi zvisingawanzo kuwanikwa kubva mumigodhi yemudhorobha zvinochengetedza nhanho dzekuchera, kubatsirikana, kunyungudika, uye kupatsanurwa kwevhu rakasvibira risingawanzo. Kunyungudutsa kwechinyakare kwepasi risingawanzoda hunyanzvi hwepamusoro uye mari. Kugadzira zvimbambaira zvemumadhorobha kuti zvibvise mavhu asingawanzo kugadzirwa uye zviwanikwa zvesimbi zvemagineti kubva kumotokari dzakaraswa dzemagetsi nemavhiri maviri emagetsi nemutengo wakaderera kwakakosha kuchengetedza zviwanikwa zvepasirese zvimbambaira uye kuchengetedza kusimukira kweupfumi hwenyika.
Avhareji yemagetsi mavhiri maviri emota mota inoda 0.4-2kg yemagineti epasi isingawanzo uye 0.1-0.6kg yezvinhu zvepraseodymium. China inorasa mota dzinopfuura mamirioni makumi matanhatu emagetsi ane mavhiri maviri pagore, kubva matani angangoita 25,000 matani emagineti epasi asingawanzo kuwanikwa, anokosha anosvika mabhiriyoni gumi emayuan. Kudzoreredza uku kunosanganisirawo zviuru zvinomwe zvematani epasi risingawanzo praseodymium uye neodymium zvinhu, zvakakosha pa2.66 bhiriyoni yuan (zvichienderana nemutengo wepraseodymium-neodymium oxide pa 38 miriyoni yuan/ton kubva munaChikunguru 1, 2024). Imwe neimwe itsva simba mota dhiraivha mota inowanzoda kutenderedza 25kg yemagineti epasi asingawanzo, 6.25kg yepraseodymium uye neodymium, uye 0.5kg yedysprosium. Motokari 560,000 itsva dzine simba dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzichamiswa muna 2025 dzichange dziine 12,500 matani emagineti epasi asingawanzo, 3,500 matani epraseodymium uye neodymium, inokosha pa 1.33 bhiriyoni yuan, uye mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu ematani e dysprosium pa 466 miriyoni mutengo. dysprosium oxide pa 1.87 miriyoni yuan kubva munaChikunguru 1, 2024). Izvi zvinomiririra huwandu hukuru hwemagineti epasi asingawanzo pasi rose. Muna 2023, China yakaisa chinangwa chekutonga zvicherwa zvepasi zvematani mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu neshanu, paine mukana wekubvisa uye kudzoreredza 30-40% yezvinhu zvisingaite zvepasi kubva kumagetsi maviri-mavhiri uye mota nyowani dzesimba, zvakaenzana nehuwandu hwezvino migodhi yeChina. zvimbambaira zvisingawanzoitiki.
Zvinotarisirwa kuti 42.77 miriyoni itsva simba mota dzakaraswa muna 2040 dzichange dziine 1.07 miriyoni matani emagineti asingawanzo, 267,000 matani ePraseodymium-neodymium zvinhu, uye 21,400 matani eDysprosium elements. Huwandu uhu hwakakwira zvakanyanya kudarika huwandu hwezvinhu zvisingawanzo kuwanikwa zvepasi zvakaparadzaniswa nehuwandu hwemigodhi yezvimbambaira zvepasi rose. Budiriro iyi ichazadzisa zvizere chinangwa chekuchengetedza zviwanikwa zvisina kuvandudzwa.
(1) Kuvandudza utano uye kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu
Iro guta-ane hushamwari guta muenzaniso weiyo yakaderera-kabhoni, kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvisinei, chokwadi chemarara akakomberedza guta uye kuraswa kwemotokari dzemagetsi dzakashandiswa, dzine zvinhu zvinokuvadza kune zvakatipoteredza uye muviri wemunhu, zvinoramba zvichinetsa. Nyaya iyi inokanganisa mararamiro evanhu. Kuvandudzwa kwemugodhi wemadhorobha hakubvisi njodzi dzemarara kune zvakatipoteredza uye nemuviri wemunhu chete asiwo kunovimbisa hutano nekuchengetedzeka kweecology yemumaguta. Uyezve, rinokurumidzisa kuzadzikiswa kwekugarisana kunopindirana pakati pomunhu nechisiko.
2.Dilemmas Yakatarisana neUrban Mine Development
Iko kusvibira uye decarbonization yehupfumi uye hupfumi hwemagariro zvinhu zvakakosha zvemhando yepamusoro-soro. China yakagadzira mitemo yakawanda uye matanho ekusimudzira migodhi yemumaguta. Yakasimudzirawo manejimendi emarara emarara netsvina itsva zvakazara uye kuburikidza nematanho akasiyana nekuronga mitambo yemugodhi yemumaguta nezvimwe zviitiko. China yakakurudzira kudzokororwa kwakawanda kwezvicherwa zvemumaguta zvisingawanzoitiki, pamwe nekudzikiswa kwehuwandu uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa. Zvakadaro, pachine matambudziko mazhinji ekuita chirongwa chakazara chekuchengetedza uye kukurudzira kushandiswa kwehupfumi uye kwakasimba kwezviwanikwa.
(1) Kusatarisisa kwakakwana pakuvandudzwa kwemigodhi yemumaguta
Kucherwa kwechinyakare kunoitwa nemakambani emigodhi munzvimbo chaidzo dzine migodhi, uye kugoverwa kwezviwanikwa mumigodhi yemumadhorobha kunoiswa pachena. Inertia yaita kuti makambani mazhinji atarise kuderera kwehuwandu hwemigodhi yechisikigo uye kuisa mari mukutsvagisa kunodhura nekuvandudza matekinoroji matsva. Zvizhinji zvezvicherwa zvepasi zvinogona kushandiswa hazvisisiri pasi pevhu asi zvakaunganidzwa pamusoro pepamusoro muchimiro che "makuva emotokari, "makuva esimbi, "marara emagetsi, uye mamwe tsvina. Migodhi yemuguta nemigodhi yechinyakare imhando dzakasiyana kwazvo dzekuchera. Mugodhi hausisiri wemigodhi yepasi pevhu uye kuchera, asi nezvekupwanya marara, kuisa mumapoka, uye kubvisa simbi, mapurasitiki, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinogoneka kushandiswa zvakare inosvikika, asi nekuona kukosha chaiko kwemigodhi iyi uye kukosha kwemigodhi kunogona kutungamirira kukushandiswa kwakadzama nemakambani. Zvisinei, haasi makambani mazhinji anocherekedza kukosha nekukosha kwekuchera migodhi iyi yemaguta uye nekuona kushandiswa kwakadzama inofanira kuva hwaro hwepfungwa hwebudiriro yemhando yepamusoro yehupfumi hwenyika.
● Kusakwana kwekutumira uye kuraswa network
Maguta emigodhi anochera pasina mvumo yehurumende yekutsanangura huwandu hwemigodhi uye nguva. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuunganidzwa, kupatsanura, kutakura, uye kuraswa kwemarara kunokonzeresa kugadzikana kweiyo bhizinesi rekugadzira zvinhu. Tekinoroji yekuputsa isina kukwana inotungamira kune mabhizinesi kuregeredza kudzokororwa kwezvinhu zvinoraswa mota. Vamwe vagari vanoenda pakutengesa marara emagetsi mabhasikoro kune vatengesi venhare nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemaitiro ekudzokorodza nzira, zvichikonzera uye vatengi vega vave ivo vekutanga vanotora. Uyezve, kudzokororwa kwemidziyo yemagetsi yakaraswa, mhando nomwe dzemarara, uye kubvisa nekudzokorodza kwemotokari dzakaraswa zvinoda magwaro akakodzera nekuda kwekuvimba kwavo kwakanyanya pamatekinoroji matsva. Zviripachena kuti kuwedzera ruzivo rweveruzhinji, kusimudzira hurongwa hwekudzokorodza, nekuvandudza mashandiro emabhizinesi zvakakosha pakugadzirisa nyaya yemasangano akapararira ekudzokorodza.
3.Innovative Mazano eUrban Mine Development
Kukosha kwekuvandudzwa kwemugodhi wemaguta kunoenderana nezvose zviripo zvemarara uye kuwedzera kweramangwana uye kukura kwekukura. Mukupera kwegore ra2021, kuchange kuine maguta gumi nemanomwe pasi rose ane vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni gumi, maguta zana negumi nematatu muChina ane vanhu vanopfuura miriyoni imwe. Kuwanda kwemotokari itsva-simba uye huwandu hwemotokari dzakaraswa dzichakura panguva imwe chete. Naizvozvo, zvakakosha kuenderera mberi nekuongorora nekuvandudza kusimbisa kusimukira kwemigodhi yemumaguta uye kukurudzira budiriro yemhando yepamusoro.
● Rutsigiro rwemitemo uye kutonga kwesayenzi
China, semutengi wemotokari nyowani dzemagetsi uye mavhiri maviri emagetsi, inoziva chinangwa chekuvandudzwa kwemigodhi yemaguta kushandira nzanga, indasitiri, uye vanhu. Kubudirira uku hakuparadzaniswe nerutsigiro rwemitemo yenyika, hurongwa hwakazara hwemitemo nemirau, uye kudikanwa kwehutungamiriri hwesainzi. Muna 1976, United States yakagadzira uye ikamisa Mutemo weSolid Waste Disposal Act, uye muna 1989, California yakapasa iyo Comprehensive Waste Management Ordinance. Kuburikidza nemutemo wakaomesesa nematanho ekudzora, kukosha kweiyo US renewable energy indasitiri yaswedera kune iyo indasitiri yemotokari. Kudhirowa zvidzidzo kubva pane zvakaitika kune vamwe uye kutora epamusoro manejimendi pfungwa kunogona kuwedzera bhizinesi kukurudzira. Mitemo inodiwa inogona kukurudzira hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvitsva mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zvine hushamwari kwezvakatipoteredza, uye pakupedzisira kuwana kudzikiswa kwenzvimbo. Zvakakosha kusimbaradza mishandirapamwe yekuzivisa veruzhinji, kusimudzira mashandisiro ekushandisa zvisina tsarukano, uye kuvandudza mwero wemarara. Pamusoro pezvo, kuwedzera mari mukutsvagisa kuraswa kwemarara uye kusimudzira tekinoroji, kukurudzira mari yakazvimiririra neyekunze, uye kuita matanho akasiyana-siyana kunogona kukurumidzira kuvandudzwa kwemigodhi yemumaguta, chikamu chakakosha chebudiriro inoenderera.
(2) Iyo yegirini yekuvandudza pfungwa inotungamira kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji nyowani.
Nzira yekukura kwegirinhi inomiririra shanduko yakakosha muparadigm yebudiriro, uko zviwanikwa, kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye zvimwe zvimhingamipinyi zvinoshanda semasimba ekufambisa ezvicherwa zvemudhorobha. Inoonawo zvisingawanzoitiki, zvakaoma-kunatsa, uye zvemhando yepamusoro-soro semikana nematambudziko. Kuvandudzwa kweMabhizinesi kwakazvimiririra ndiyo kiyi yekuwana budiriro yemhando yepamusoro, sezvavanotambira pfungwa yekuvandudza yezviwanikwa zvishoma uye kudzokorodza kusingagumi. Nekugadzirisa matambudziko ekudzokorodza uye kusimudzira tekinoroji, zvishandiso, uye maitiro ekuvandudza, mabhizinesi anogona kuvhura mukana wezvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi uye kunatswazve kugadzira. Iyi nzira inofema hupenyu hutsva muzvinhu zvinorasa kuburikidza nemaitiro akawanda ekushandisa zvakare, kukurudzira kufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji muindasitiri uye kusimbisa kukwikwidza kwepakati.
(3) Hupenyu hwakazara kutenderera kusimudzira, yakazara indasitiri cheni
Kuvandudzwa kwemigodhi yemumaguta kwakabatana zvakanyanya nehupenyu hwemarara. Zvigadzirwa mubudiriro yeindasitiri hazvigone kudzivirira mafambiro e "kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika paguva, kupedzisa kutenderera kwehupenyu kubva kune zviwanikwa zvemigodhi, kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, kutengesa, kushandiswa, uye kubviswa semarara." Munguva yebudiriro yezvisikwa, girini recycling budiriro inogona kutendeuka. Kuora kuita shanduko inoshamisa. Kuburikidza nenzira yekuongorora kuyerera kwezvinhu zvemukati nekunze zvemukati-material cycle-material kubuda, kuyerera kwemarara kunogona kuchinjwa kubva ku "guva" kuenda ku "cradle" uye kuziva the "cradle-to-grave" fate "Kubva pachembere kusvika pakuzvara kuzvarwa patsva. Kuburikidza ne "Internet + recycling" papuratifomu, kubatana kunoshanda kweatatu makuru malink ekugadzira marara, kuunganidzwa kwemarara, uye kudzokorodza tsvina kunogona kuwanikwa. Nekugadzira kutenderera kwehupenyu hwese dhizaini yegirinhi, kugadzirwa kwegirinhi, kutengesa kwegirinhi, kugadzirwazve kwegirinhi, uye kurapwa, inoziva kuvandudzwa kweketani yese yemaindasitiri, kusanganisira kuronga nekubvisa, pre-kurapwa uye kugadzirisa, kudzoreredza zvinhu, uye kugadzira patsva.
(4) Kuita basa remutungamiri womuenzaniso
Kuvandudzwa kwemigodhi yemadhorobha isingawanzo kusimudzira hupfumi uye kusvibirira kwehupfumi hwese muzvinhu zvakasiyana, sekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza uye kushandiswazve kwezviwanikwa. Iyo inogona zvakare kufambisira mberi-yemhando yepamusoro kuburikidza ne-supply-side structural reform. Kuratidzira uye kutungamira zvine humbowo hwakakosha mukusimudzira kushamwaridzana kweiyo dhizaini sisitimu, kurongeka kweiyo indasitiri ketani, kuwedzera kwekushandisa zviwanikwa, kutungamira tekinoroji nemidziyo, kugovana kwezvivakwa, centralization yekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kurapwa, uye kumira kwekushanda uye manejimendi. Mabhizinesi anotungamira anogona kutungamira iyo yese indasitiri yemigodhi yemumaguta kuenda kumagumo-epamusoro, akangwara, zviwanikwa-akachengeteka, akachena, uye anoshanda emhando yepamusoro maitiro.
(Chinyorwa ichi chakapedzwa neNyanzvi Boka reSichuan Yuanlai Shun New Rare Earth Materials Co., Ltd., Zeng Zheng, naSong Donghui, vachitaura nyaya inoti "Maitiro Ekuita Urban Mine Development High-Quality naZhu Yan naLi Xuemei. kubva kuChikoro Chezvakatipoteredza paRenmin University yeChina.)