Strategic Research pamusoro peEvolution yeRare Earth Functional Materials neGore ra2035

Zhu Minggang',Sun Xu',Liu Ronghui,xu Huibing^₂

(1. General Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081; 2. Zhong yan Rare Earth New Materials Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088)

Abstract: Seimwe yeakakosha ehurongwa hwekushandisa ane zvakanyanya zviwanikwa hunhu muChina, isingawanzo pasizvishandiso zvinoshanda ndizvo zvepakati zvinhu zvinotsigira chizvarwa chitsva cheruzivo tekinoroji , aerospace uye zvombo zvemazuva ano uye midziyo, kufambisa njanji yepamusoro, kuchengetedza simba uye motokari itsva dzemagetsi, michina yezvokurapa yepamusoro-soro uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro. Iri bepa rinosuma kumashure kweasingawanzo pasi rinoshanda zvinhu indasitiri uye chimiro chebudiriro, inoongorora matambudziko aripo mukuvandudza isingawanzo pasi inoshanda indasitiri yezvigadzirwa muChina, inoisa pamberi pesimba idzva rekushandisa 2035 yekuvandudza zano rekuvandudza mazano uye yakakosha kutungamira, kubva mukusimbisa. yerare Earth Strategic forecasting nerutsigiro rwemitemo, kusimbisa kutsvagisa uye kushandiswa mumunda wepasi risingawanzo, kusimbisa kuvakwa kweasingawanzo pasi mukana wetimu uye tarenda inoisa pamberi pemitemo Mazano, kusimudzira kuvandudzwa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo mashandiro epasi, kuziva iyo nzira. kuchinja kubva kusimba repasi risingawanzowaniki kuenda kusimba repasi risingawanzo kutungamira.

Mazwi akakosha: zvisingawanzo pasi pevhu zvinoshanda zvinhu; zvakakosha zvekugadzirisa zvinhu; itsva zvinhu simba 2035

Nhamba yezvikamu: O614.33; TG

Magadzirirwo ekuvandudza eRare E arth

Functional Materi als panosvika 2035

Zhu Minggang 1 , Sun Xu 1 , Liu Ronghui2 , Xu Huibing 2

(1. Central Iron & Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China; 2. Grirem Advanced Materials Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China)

Abstract: Rare pasi zvinoshanda zvinhu zvakakosha uye zvine hungwaru mukutsigira iyo yepamusoro-tech minda senge nyowani -chizvarwa informationa-tion tekinoroji, aerospace uye zvemazuva ano zvombo, njanji yepamusoro, inochengetedza simba uye nyowani magetsi mota, uye yakakwirira-performance m edical. Devices .Muchinyorwa chino , mamiriro ekusimudzira uye maitiro eindu isingawanzo shanda indasitiri yezvigadzirwa muChina zvinounzwa uye matambudziko eindastiri anoongororwa .Kukurudzira kukwikwidza kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo mashandiro epasi muChina , mamwe mazano emitemo anokurudzirwa . kusanganisira kusimbisa fungidziro yehungwaru uye kutsigirwa kwemitemo, kusimudzira tsvakiridzo nekushandisa, uye kusimudzira kuvakwa kwezvikwata zvinobatsira uye kusimudzira kwevashandi munzvimbo isingawanzo.

Keywords : zvisingawanzo pasi zvinoshanda zvinhu; zvinhu zvakakosha uye zvine hungwaru; itsva zvinhu simba zano 2035

Kutanga, sumo

Kashoma zvinhu zvepasi (15 lanthanides, yttrium, scandium yakazara 17 yuan General zita rechimwe chinhu) nekuda kweyakasiyana yemagetsi dhizaini chimiro, zvekuti ine yakanakisa magineti, yekuona, yemagetsi uye humwe hunhu hwemuviri nemakemikari, mumotokari nyowani dzesimba, Kuratidzwa kutsva. uye mwenje, marobhoti emaindasitiri, uye ruzivo rwemagetsi, aerospace, dziviriro yenyika, kuchengetedza simba uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye yepamusoro-yekupedzisira michina yekugadzira uye mamwe maindasitiri ari kusimukira anoita basa rakakosha, chinhu chakakosha musimboti.

Zvitsva zvepasi zvisingawanzo zvinomiririrwa nezvinhu zvisingawanzo shanda zvepasi zvave zvakakwana Imwe yenzvimbo dzakatariswa dzemakwikwi ebhora. Nyika dzakasimukira uye matunhu akaita seEurope, America neJapan vakanyora zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi se "strategic elements of the 21st century", uye vakaita Strategic reserve uye yakakosha tsvagiridzo. Iyo "Key Materials Strategy" yakaumbwa neUS Dhipatimendi reMagetsi, iyo "Elemental Strategy Plan" yakagadzirwa neBazi reDzidzo, Dzidzo, Sainzi, uye "EU Critical Raw Materials Plan" yakagadzirwa neEuropean Union zvese zvakanyorwa zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi. senzvimbo dzakakosha dzekutsvaga. Kunyanya, mumakore achangopfuura, United States yakatangazve iyo isingawanzo indasitiri yepasi kuti iwane isingawanzo pasi magineti anowanikwa kuti ashandiswe muchiuto. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti zvisingawanzo pasi zvechigarire magineti zvinhu zvave "Shangganling" mumunda wezvisingawanzo shanda zvinhu zvepasi.

Nechikonzero ichi, China yakanyora isingawanzo pasi sechishandiso chehurongwa hwekutonga nekusimudzira nyika, uye yakanyora zvisingawanzo mashandiro epasi sezvinhu zvakakosha zvehurongwa muhurongwa hwayo hwepakati, hwenguva refu uye hwenguva refu senge "Made in China 2025" . Mafungiro eThe State Council pamusoro peKusimudzira Kusimukira uye Hutano Kubudirira kweRare Earth Indasitiri uye mimwe mirairo yakakodzera yakabatsirawo kusimudzira hunyanzvi hwesainzi uye tekinoroji mumunda wezvisingawanzo mashandiro epasi, kugadziridza chimiro cheiyo isingawanzo indasitiri yepasi, uye kusimudzira. kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza kwedanho rekusimudzira uye mhando yezvinhu zvisingawanzo mashandiro epasi muChina.

2. Mamiriro ekusimudzira epasi isingawanzo shanda zvinhu

Rare pasi chinhu chakakosha chehurongwa uye munda unobatsira uko China ine simba rehurukuro dzepasirese. China inyika huru pasi rose ine matura ezviwanikwa zvepasi. Zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwezviwanikwa zvepasi zvisingawanzo zviwanikwa zvingangoita 1.2108 t, pakati peiyo matura eChina anosvika 4.4107 t, inoverengera inosvika 37.8% [2,3], China ndiyo inogadzira pasirese inogadzira zvicherwa zvisingawanzo pasi rose. Muna 2019, kugadzirwa kwepasirese isingawanzo kugadzirwa kwaive 2.1105 t, pakati payo kugadzirwa kwepasi kweChina kwakasvika 1.32105 t, ichiverengera 63% yepasi rose isingawanzo kugadzirwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, China zvakare inyika isingawanzo indasitiri yemaindasitiri ine yakazvimirira yakazvimirira maindasitiri system, inofukidza ore kugadzirwa kubva kumusoro, kunyunguduka kupatsanurwa, oxide uye isingawanzo kugadzirwa kwesimbi yevhu pakati pemvura, uye zvese zvitsva zvisingawanzo kugadzirwa zvepasi uye kushandiswa mumhepo. zasi kwerwizi. Muna 2018, kukosha kwekubuda kweChina isingawanzo indasitiri yepasi yaive mabhiriyoni makumi mapfumbamwe emayuan, ayo asingawanzo mashandiro epasi aisvika makumi mashanu nenhanhatu muzana, kukosha kwekubuda kwaiita mabhiriyoni makumi mashanu emayuan, kunyungudutswa nekuparadzaniswa kwaiita 27%, uye kukosha kwekubuda kwaive mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemashanu eyuan. Pakati pazvo, zvinhu zvisingawanzo mashandiro epasi zvinopa chikamu chepamusoro-soro chezvisingawanzo gineti zvepasi, zvichiverengera makumi manomwe neshanu muzana, zvine mutengo wekubuda ungangoita 37.5 bhiriyoni yuan, zvinokonzeresa zvinhu zvinoverengera makumi maviri muzana, uye kukosha kwekubuda kunosvika mabhiriyoni gumi. yuan. Muchimiro chekushandisa chezvisingawanzo shanda zvepasi zvinhu muChina, zvisingawanzo pasi zvechigarire magineti zvinhu zvinobatsira kubva mukukurumidza kuvandudza kwemotokari nyowani dzemagetsi uye indasitiri yemagetsi, inoverengera inopfuura makumi mana% muchimiro chekushandisa; simbi, michina, petrochemical uye girazi ceramics account ye12%, 9% uye 8% zvakateerana, hydrogen kuchengetedza zvinhu uye luminescent zvinhu zvinoverengera 7%; zvinhu zvinogonesa, zvekupolisha uye zvekurima machira e5% [4].

(1) Kashoma kunyungudusa ivhu uye kupatsanura munda

Muna 1988, kugadzirwa kwepasi kusingawanzoitiki kuChina kwakapfuura United States, kukava nyika yekutanga pasi rose kugadzira pasi. China isingawanzo kunyunguduka pasi uye kupatsanurwa mwero uri kutungamira munyika uye unoenderera nanhasi, uchidzora musika wepasi rose wekuchena kwepasi rimwechete risingawanzo. Parizvino, mabhizinesi eChina asingawanzo kunyunguduka ekupatsanura pasi akanyanya kutariswa mumapoka matanhatu makuru epasi reChina: maodzanyemba rare earth high-tech co., LTD. (boka), maodzanyemba China rare earth group co., LTD., Guangdong rare earth industry group, co., LTD., China rare earth co., LTD., minmetals rare earth group co., LTD., Xiamen tungsten industry co. ., LTD. Mapurojekiti ekune dzimwe nyika asingawanzo kunyungudutsa nekuparadzanisa anosanganisira chirongwa cheMountain Pass cheAmerican Molybdenum Company (yakatorwa neShenghe Resources Holdings Co., Ltd.), chirongwa chekunyungudutsa nekuparadzanisa cheAustralia Lynas muKuantan, Malaysia, neBelgian Solvi Group (Solvay). ) chirongwa, nezvimwewo.

(2) Munda wezvisingawanzo pasi zvechigarire magineti zvinhu

Zvisikwa zvepasi zvechigarire zvemagineti hazvingori danho rinokurumidza kusimudzira uye yakakura uye yakazara yakazara maindasitiri mundima isingawanzo yepasi, asiwo chinhu chisingachinjike uye chakakosha kiyi yezvinhu muindasitiri yekudzivirira yenyika, uye zvakare ndima yekushandisa ine yakakura kwazvo. huwandu hwezvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi. Kubva 2000, chiyero cheindasitiri chekushandiswa kweasingawanzo pasi chisingaperi magineti magineti muChina chave kuwedzera, uye iyo isina kubuditswa yeSintered NdFEB magineti yakawedzera kubva pa8104 t pakutanga kweChigumi nemaviri Chirongwa cheMakore Mashanu kusvika 1.8105 t muna 2019, kuverengera kupfuura 85% yezvakabuda pasi rose; iyo yakabuda yesamarium cobalt yekusingaperi magineti zvinhu ndeye 2400 t, inoverengera kupfuura 80% yehuwandu hwakabuda.

Iko kukura kwakakura kwemasintered NdfeB magineti mumaindasitiri epamusoro-tekinoroji senge mota nyowani dzemagetsi senge mhepo yekugadzira magetsi, hybrid nemagetsi mota, inochengetedza magetsi midziyo yemumba, marobhoti emaindasitiri, anomhanya-mhanya uye maglev zvitima zvakapa rutsigiro rwakakosha mukusimudzira. yezvisingawanzo pasi zvechigarire magineti zvinhu indasitiri uye yakakura kukura kweiyo indasitiri. China iri padyo nedanho repamusoro revezera repasi muminda yemhando yepamusoro isingawanzo gineti yepasi magineti zvinhu, inorema isingawanzo kudzikisa pasi tekinoroji, kushandiswa kwakaringana kwehuwandu hwakawanda husingawanzo hwepasi hwechigarire magineti zvinhu uye magineti kudzokorodza uye kushandisa tekinoroji.

Kunyangwe nyika yedu yave mugadziri mukuru wepasirese wezvisingawanzo pasi zvechigarire magineti zvinhu, zvinomiririrwa nekuwanda kwakawanda kwepasi risingaperi magineti zvinhu chikamu cheasingawanzo pasi chisingaperi magineti kugadzirira tekinoroji iri munyika inotungamira chinzvimbo, asi China isingawanzo pasi isingaperi magineti zvinhu zvigadzirwa, ichiri kutadza kusangana nerobhoti yepamusoro-giredhi, chizvarwa chechishanu chenharembozha yekutaurirana tekinoroji (5G), lithography muchina uye mamwe maindasitiri ari kubuda epamusoro-yekupedzisira asingagumi magineti tekinoroji inoda. Panguva imwecheteyo, pachine mukaha mukuru nenyika dzakabudirira dzakaita seUnited States neJapan muhunyanzvi hwekugadzirira tekinoroji, deformation yekupisa, kunatsiridza zviyo, uye midziyo yakangwara inoenderera.

(3) Mumunda wezvisingawanzo-yepasi luminescent zvinhu

Nekuwedzera kwekupinda kwesemiconductor zvinhu muminda yekuvhenekesa, kuratidza uye kuona ruzivo, kudiwa kwemusika kwechiedza sosi mhando kuri kuwedzera zvakare. Mumunda wekuvhenekesa, iyo yakazara spectrum mwenje inoonekwa seinotungamira nzira yechizvarwa chitsva chekuvhenekesa kwe LED. Mune mimwe minda yezvigadzirwa zve luminescent, pedyo-infrared detectors chikamu chakakosha cheInternet yeZvinhu, iyo yave yakatarisa kutarisisa kwepasirese, uye ine tarisiro huru yekushandisa mukuchengetedza kuchengetedza, biometric, chikafu uye kuongororwa kwekurapa uye mamwe minda.

Mumunda wezvinhu zvinopenya zvinopenya, zvine mwenje chena-emitting diode (LED) mwenje uye zvinhu zvekuratidzira, Mitsubishi Chemical Co., LTD., Electrification Corporation, Japan Chemical Viwanda Co., Ltd. vane mabhenefiti akakwana maererano nekugadzirwa, kutengesa vhoriyamu. uye zviwanikwa zvakazara mumusika wepasi rose. Mwero wenzvimbo yewhite light LED phosphor muChina wakawedzerawo kubva ku2000, isingasviki 5% pagore, kusvika pa85% parizvino. Nekudaro, kuchine imwe gaka retekinoroji pakati pemabhizinesi eChinese nenyika dzekunze. Parizvino, mabhizinesi ane simba zvakanyanya muChina ndiYouyou Yan Rare Earth New Materials Co., LTD., Jiangsu Borui Optoelectronics Co., LTD., uye Jiangmen Keheng Industrial Co., LTD.

(4) Munda wezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi rekristaro

Rare Earth crystal zvinhu zvinonyanya zvinosanganisira isingawanzo pasi pasi laser makristasi uye isingawanzo pasi scintigraphic makristasi, ayo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukudzivirira kwenyika, yekucheka-kumucheto michina yesainzi, kurapwa, kuona, kuongorora kuchengetedza uye mamwe minda. Mumakore achangopfuura, michina yekuongorora yezvokurapa yepamusoro-soro senge positron emission computed tomography (PET-CT) yakagadzira nekukurumidza, zvichigadzira kudiwa kwakasimba kwepamusoro-isingawanzo kuita pasi scintitillations inomiririrwa neyttrium lutetium silicate (LYSO) makristasi, uye hupfumi huri kusimukira hunomiririrwa. neChina vane mukana mukuru wemusika mune ramangwana. Zvichienderana nemuridzi wechikamu chimwe pamiriyoni yevanhu, China inoda kuwedzera mayunitsi zviuru zvePET-CT michina, uye kudiwa kwemakristasi asingawanzo kuita pasi kuchapfuura mabhiriyoni matatu emayuan.

(5) Munda wezvisingawanzo pasi catalytic zvinhu

Rare earth catalytic materials inobata basa rakakosha muhupfumi hwenyika, hunogona kushandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakatipoteredza uye simba, kusimudzira kushandiswa kwakawanda kwehuwandu hwakawanda uye chiedza chisingawanikwe pasi zvinhu lanthanum uye cerium, zvinonyatso kudzikisa uye kugadzirisa kusaenzana kwezvisingawanzo kushandiswa kwepasi. muChina, kuvandudza simba uye tekinoroji yezvakatipoteredza, uye kugadzirisa nharaunda yekugara kwevanhu. Oiri yekupwanya catalyst uye mota inopopota yekunatsa inokonzeresa ndiyo isingawanzo yepasi inokonzeresa dhizaini yezvikumbiro zviviri zvakakura, zvinosanganisira mafuta ekupwanya catalyst, nharembozha (mota, ngarava, michina yekurima, nezvimwewo) inonatsa yekuchenesa inokonzeresa, yakagadziriswa sosi (maindasitiri emarara gasi). kunze kwezvitoro, kupisa gasi remusikirwo, organic tsvina gasi kurapwa, nezvimwewo) muswe gasi rekuchenesa catalyst, nezvimwe.

Zvichienzaniswa nezvinokonzeresa zvakafanana munyika, zvigadziriso zvepamba zvinoputika zvasvika padanho rakafanana mukuita kwavo kwekushandisa. Asi mumotokari inopedza kucheneswa kwekuchenesa catalyst, marasha-anopfuta simba simendi ine tembiricha yakakwira maindasitiri gasi denitration catalyst, senge cerium zirconium isingawanzo pasi okisijeni zvinhu zvekuchengetera, yakagadziridzwa alumina coating, yakakura saizi, yekupedzisira-yakaonda madziro inotakura (> 600 mesh) kugadzirwa kwakakura, uye sisitimu yekubatanidza kiyi tekinoroji nemidziyo, nezvimwewo, ine nhanho yepamusoro yekunze ichine imwe gap.

(6) Kuchena-kuchena zvisingawanzo pasi simbi uye zvinonangwa zvinhu

Yakakwirira kuchena isingawanzo simbi yevhu ndiyo musimboti wezvakagadzirwa zvekutsvagisa nekusimudzira zvemhando yepamusoro-tekinoroji, iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mune magineti zvinhu, optical functional materials, catalytic materials, hydrogen kuchengetedza zvinhu, zvinoshanda zveceramic zvinhu, sputtering chinangwa zvinhu zvemagetsi ruzivo. nemimwe minda. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 20, mine metal co., LTD., East cao corporation, honeywell international company uye mabhizimusi eEurope neAmerica vane kubva kumusoro yakachena simbi kugadzirira kupinda mukusimudzira maindasitiri uye nhanho yekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvitsva, pasi pe7 nm high order process. dunhu rakasanganiswa, 5G michina yekukurukurirana, yakakwirira-simba zvishandiso uye yakangwara sensor, yakasimba-state memory uye zvimwe zvepamberi zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi ruzivo zvinopa zvinotsigira zvakakosha zvinhu. Mabhizinesi epasirese ane mukurumbira akanyanya kuchena isingawanzo simbi uye anonangwa mabhizinesi ekugadzira zvinhu anonyanya kuJapan Toscao Corporation, Honeywell International Corporation uye mamwe mabhizinesi ane rombo 500. Kuchena kweChina kwakakwira isingawanzo simbi yepasi uye inonangwa mabhizinesi ekugadzira zvinhu anonyanya kusanganisira Zhongyan Rare Earth New Materials Co., Ltd., Hunan Rare Earth Metal Materials Research Institute, zvichingodaro. Pachine mikaha muhunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji, michina yemhando yepamusoro, yekucheka-kumucheto kwekutanga kutsvaga. nezvimwe zvinhu. Parizvino, China yakapaza kuburikidza nekugadzirira tekinoroji ye-ultra-high kuchena isingawanzo simbi dzepasi, asi kuchine imwe chinhambwe chekuziva maindasitiri uye kuve nechokwadi chekuvandudzwa kwedunhu rakasanganiswa uye imwe indasitiri yeruzivo rwemagetsi.

3. Matambudziko nematambudziko mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo shanda pasi

Zvichienderana nemamiriro ekutsvaga ari pamusoro pezvisingawanzo mashandiro epasi, zvinogona kuwanikwa kuti zviwanikwa zvepasi zvisingawanikwe, sezviwanikwa zvepasi rose zvinoshomeka, zvagara zviri imwe yekutarisa kwepasirese. Kubva pakunetsana kwekutengeserana pakati peChina neUnited States, zvisingawanzo pasi uye zvisingawanzo pasi zvechigarire magineti zvinhu zvave "mazwi akakosha" anowanzo kutaurwa nevezvenhau vekumba nevekunze. Chikonzero ndechekuti hutongi hwepasi reChina isingawanzo uye isingawanzo inogara magineti zvinhu indasitiri cheni uye kukurumidza kwekusimudzira kwepasi risingawanzo regigineti zvinhu tekinoroji zvinonetsa United States. Kunyangwe zviwanikwa zvepasi zveChina zvisingawanzo uye zvicherwa zvepasi zvisingawanzo, sarudzo uye tekinoroji yekunyungudutsa zviri munzvimbo dzinotungamira pasirese, uye zvakare iine akatevedzana ekutanga matekinoroji, ichiri kutarisana nematambudziko mazhinji nematambudziko mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo shanda pasi.

Rare pasi rinoshanda zvinhu zvekunze zvinonetsa, zvinonyanya kubva kuUnited States kuenda ku "guo system + global camp", kuyedza "yakazara decoupling" nzira yekubvisa kutsamira pane isingawanzo gineti zvigadzirwa zvemagineti zvepasi, panguva imwe chete zvinokurudzira dzimwe nyika. kusiya kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo gineti zvepasi zveChina, kuve nekumisa uye kumisa kukurumidza kusimudzira kweasingawanzo pasi sainzi uye tekinoroji uye indasitiri yekushandisa munyika yedu. Nekune rimwe divi, pakati nepasi pasi pekushandisa minda yezvisingawanzo shanda zvinhu zvepasi, mazhinji ekutsvagisa nekusimudzira kweChina kuri mukutungamira nzira dzehunyanzvi hwekunze. Kunyangwe mumakore achangopfuura munyika yedu mumunda wezvisingawanzo zvepasi zvikumbiro zvepatent zvichikwira nekukurumidza, asi ruzhinji rwacho rwuri rweyakagadziridzwa patent kana mupendero patents, ine musimboti yakazvimirira yakazvimirira pfuma kodzero, kunyanya yekutanga nyika patent, yakawanda yakakosha tekinoroji. nekune dzimwe nyika patent tekinoroji zvipingamupinyi, zvakakanganisa zvakanyanya kunaka kweiyo isingawanzo indasitiri yepasi uye kudyidzana kwenyika.

Zvinetso zvemukati zvezvisingawanzo zvepasi zvinoshanda zvinhu zvinonyanya kubva kune zvakakosha kukanganisa kweasingawanzo indasitiri yepasi uye kusakwana kwekutarisa kwe "forging refu board"; mabhizinesi nemasangano ekutsvagisa anosarudza kutsigira tsvakiridzo yenguva pfupi uye matekinoroji ekutevedzera, uye kusakwana kwerutsigiro rwekutanga matekinoroji ane dambudziko rakakura rekusimudzira, mutengo wekusimudzira wepamusoro uye kutenderera kwenguva refu tekinoroji; iyo yakawanda-yakawanda-yekuranga uye muchinjika-indasitiri yekudyidzana tsvakiridzo uye kugona kwekusimudzira mumunda wezvisingawanzo pasi zvinoshanda zvinhu zvinoda kusimbiswa. Mukuongorora kwekupedzisira, kugona kweChina kwekutanga kuvandudza hakuna kukwana, uye kugona kudzora tekinoroji yakakosha yezvinhu zvisingawanzo kushanda pasi haina simba.

Naizvozvo, takatarisana nekuvandudzwa kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo mashandiro epasi muna 2035, kutarisisa kwakanyanya kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kune yakazvimiririra innovation kuvaka kwesimba rezvisingawanzo mashandiro evhu kubva pakuona kwekudyidzana kwepasirese, kusanganisira kutonga kweiyo core tekinoroji, kudzidza uye kubatanidzwa ne. tekinoroji dzepasi rose, pamwe nezvakanaka zveindasitiri yepasi isingawanzo kushanda uye kukura nekusimba.

4. Rare pasi rinoshanda zvinhu mune ramangwana budiriro mazano, akakosha budiriro Yekutungamira uye zvinangwa zvebudiriro

(1) Mazano ebudiriro

Yakanyatsobatanidzwa nehurongwa hwenyika, Yakasanganiswa nemamiriro emangwana ekushandisa akadai semarobhoti akangwara, maguta akangwara, gungwa uye budiriro yenyeredzi, nzanga huru yedata uye man-machine docking, Tarisa pahuinjiniya uye indasitiri yekutsvagisa tekinoroji, Shingairira kuita mabhindauko mukati. Iyo yakakosha tekinoroji yekugadzirira, yakangwara yekugadzira midziyo, yakakosha yekuyedza midziyo uye yavo yekushandisa tekinoroji yemhando yepamusoro isingawanzo ivhu inoshanda zvinhu, isingawanzo pasi inopenya zvinhu, zvisingawanzo pasi zvinokonzeresa zvinhu, zvisingawanzo pasi zvinokonzeresa zvinhu, zvisingawanzo pasi crystal zvinhu, yakakwirira yakachena isingawanzo simbi yepasi uye chinangwa. zvinhu; Kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kweiyo synchronous innovation yeiyo yese maindasitiri cheni, Isu tinosimudzira kusimudzirwa uye kuitwa kwezvakabudirira zvemberi, Kuve nechokwadi chekupihwa kwakanaka kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvezvido zvakakosha senge maindasitiri ari kubuda maindasitiri, dziviriro yenyika, nekugadzira zvine hungwaru, Chekupedzisira, ziva zvakazvimiririra. kugovera kwepamusoro-soro inoshandiswa zvisingawanzoitiki pasi rinoshanda zvinhu; Ita dzidziso dzekutanga dzemuganhu uye tsvakurudzo yekuedza, Kuburikidza nekuongorora kwakadzama uye kuunganidzwa kwemibvunzo yesainzi, Uye kurudzira dzimwe dzidziso dzepakutanga, Ita zvakawanikwa zvepakutanga, Wawana bheji rezvisingawanzo shandiswa zvinhu zvitsva zvepasi uye kushandiswa kutsva kwemhedzisiro yepakutanga; Kuona shanduko yehunyanzvi yeChina kubva kune simba repasi risingawanzo kune simba repasi risingawanzo, Kutungamira budiriro yeramangwana yeasingawanzo pasi tekinoroji uye indasitiri, Kupa rutsigiro rwezvinhu zvekuzadzikiswa kwechinangwa cheChina che "chinzvimbo pakati pepamberi yenyika itsva. kusvika 2035".

(2) Nhungamiro huru yebudiriro

1. Makiyi matekinoroji ekugadzirira kweyekupedzisira-yepamusoro kuita isingawanzo pasi isingaperi magineti zvinhu uye zvinobudirira uye zvine mwero kushandiswa kwepasi isingawanzo.

Tichifunga nezveramangwana rine hungwaru nzanga ine yakakwira magineti kuita kwechigarire magineti zvinhu uye tekinoroji nyowani nemidziyo yezvinodiwa zvechigarire magineti zvinhu basa rakasiyana, kubatanidza ruzivo rwekuvandudza uye nhoroondo yemutemo wekuchinja kwetekinoroji, uye kusimudzira kwazvino kwekuita kwepamusoro isingawanzo pasi. zvechigarire magineti zvinhu zviyo kukwenenzvera uye muganho optimization yeakakosha matekinoroji senge kunzwisisa, kugadzira zvakakosha zvekusimudzira zvemukati.

(1)NdFeB zvechigarire magineti zvinhu: tarisa pane yekugadzirira tekinoroji yeNdfeB yakasvibiswa ine hupamhi hwekuita, kutsvagisa pamusoro pekristaro muganho wekuparadzanisa nzira yepasi rinorema risingawanzo mune sintered NdFeB magineti, tsvakiridzo pane sintered NdFeB yekudzoreredza tekinoroji uye mashandisiro, sevhisi yekufanotaura tekinoroji uye dzidziso ye sintered NdFeB magineti, nezvimwe.

(2)Samarium cobalt zvechigarire magineti zvinhu: tarisa pane elemental regulation meshini yeyakakwira yakasara samarium cobalt magineti, kudzora kwenanostructure uye microregion zvikamu mukugadzirwa kweinjiniya yeakakwira-inoshanda samarium cobalt magineti asingagumi, tsvagiridzo paiyo antioxidant tekinoroji yesamarium cobalt kumusoro. shandisa tembiricha, uye tekinoroji yekudzivirira yepamusoro yeakakwira-tembiricha samarium cobalt anogara magineti, nezvimwe.

(3)Thermopress zvechigarire magineti zvinhu: tarisa pakutsvagisa kweanisotropy yekugadzira michina yehutete-madziro inopisa kumanikidza magineti mhete, tsvagiridzo pane yekugadzirira tekinoroji yeakakwira kuita magineti poda yekupisa yekutsikirira magineti mhete, tekinoroji yekugadzirira uye kushandiswa kwepamusoro-soro kupisa kumanikidza kwekusingaperi magineti mhete. , mainjiniya ekugadzirira midziyo uye process tekinoroji kusimudzira kwepamusoro pekuita inopisa kumanikidza magineti mhete, nezvimwe.

(4) Yakakwirira yakawanda isingaperi magineti zvinhu: tarisa pakushandiswa kwakaringana kwekuwanda kwakawanda (La, Ce, nezvimwewo) isingawanzo pasi muzvigadzirwa zvemagineti zvechigarire, dhizaini yembiri huru chikamu cerium magineti chimiro uye kuvandudza tekinoroji yesimba rekumanikidza.

(5) Kubatanidza zvinhu gene uye kudzidza muchina, ita dhizaini yekugadzira uye kuverenga kwekuita kwemagineti inoshanda zvinhu, uye ongorora iyo itsva sisitimu uye chimiro chitsva chezvishandiso zvemakiyi ekuita indexes yeakakwira magineti simba chigadzirwa uye yakanyanya kumanikidza yechizvarwa chekutanga. zvezvisingawanzo zvepasi zvechigarire magineti.

(6) Zvinoenderana nehunhu hwemagineti inoshanda zvinhu, dzidza misimboti mitsva uye michina mitsva yekuyedza uye kuyedza, uye zvishoma nezvishoma bvisa kutsamira kwekuongorora uye midziyo yekuyedza kune dzimwe nyika.

2. Nyowani isingawanzowanikwi yepasi inogara magineti zvinhu uye kiyi tekinoroji yeyakagadzirirwa application

Pasi pemaitiro akajairwa ehupfumi hwekabhoni huri kutsvaira pasirese, nyika dzepasirese dzinotarisa kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuburitsa kabhoni shoma sendima dzakakosha dzesainzi uye tekinoroji. Izvo zvakakosha zvekusimudzira zviri mukati zvinosanganisira: kuvandudza kwehungwaru njanji yekufambisa uye nehungwaru hwekugadzira maindasitiri system; kuvandudzwa kwechigarire magineti zvinhu uye magineti simba sisitimu ine isingaperi magineti kumiswa kubereka tekinoroji uye yekusingaperi magineti eddy ikozvino kutapurirana; kuvandudzwa kwepasi isingawanzo kusingaperi magineti zvinhu zveakakwira corrosion kuramba inogara magineti yakananga dhiraivha jenareta ine Marine corrosion nharaunda; kuvandudzwa kwechigarire magineti zvinhu zvine yakakwira magineti simba chigadzirwa, yakakwira yekumanikidza simba, miniaturization uye yakanyanya kurongeka yemamiriro ekushandisa akadai serobhoti uye guta rakangwara.

2. Yakakwirira-yekupedzisira isingawanzo pasi luminescent zvinhu uye yavo yakakosha kugadzirira matekinoroji uye midziyo

Nekuwedzera kuri kudiwa kwemhando yemwenje sosi mumusika wekuvhenekesa semiconductor, zvinodikanwa kuti titarise kusimudzira kweyepamusoro-yekupedzisira isingawanzo mwenje-emitting zvinhu uye yavo yakakosha tekinoroji yekugadzirira uye michina kusangana nemashandisirwo muminda yekuvhenekesa, kuratidza. uye kuziva ruzivo. Izvo zvakakosha zvekusimudzira zviri mukati zvinosanganisira: budiriro yakakosha yezvitsva zvisingawanzo-yepasi luminescent zvinhu senge zvisingaonekwe emission uye upconversion emission; kuvandudza dzidziso uye tekinoroji nzira dze infrared emission kukwenenzverwa pasi pechiedza cheviolet; kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro yakamanikana bhendi emission, yakakwirira ruvara kuchena kwegirini uye tsvuku emission; dhizaini nekugadzira hurongwa hwezvishandiso hutsva hune kodzero dzakazvimirira dzepfuma uchishandisa musimboti wekuenderana kwezvimiro uye kutsiva pfuma yakaenzana, uye kuita dhizaini yezvimiro zvinoenderana nepamusoro-kuburikidza zvinhu kuti uwane nhevedzano yezvitsva zvisingawanzo-ivhu zvinovheneka zvinhu.

4.Kiyi yekugadzirira tekinoroji yezvinhu zvisingawanzo pasi catalytic

Rare earth catalytic materials zvinhu zvepamusoro-tekinoroji zvinokurudzira kushandiswa kwakawanda kwezvinhu zvakakwirira-zvizhinji uye chiedza chisingawaniki pasi pasi lanthanum uye cerium, zvinonyatsogadzirisa uye kugadzirisa kusaenzana kwekushandiswa kwepasi kusingawanzoitiki muChina, kuvandudza simba uye teknolojia yezvakatipoteredza, kukurudzira mararamiro evanhu, uye kuvandudza nharaunda yekugara kwevanhu. Izvo zvakakosha zvekusimudzira zviri mukati zvinosanganisira: kuvandudzwa kwesimba rakanyanya, kuchengetedza simba uye hupenyu hurefu petrochemical isingawanzo pasi inokonzeresa zvinhu, yakachena simba rekugadzira risingawanzo pasi rinokonzeresa zvinhu, mota inopedza kusvibisa kusvibiswa kwemoto uye maindasitiri exhaust emission kudzora kusvibiswa kwepasi zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvinokonzeresa uye kiyi. matekinoroji eindasitiri; tarisa pakuvandudzwa kweakakosha matekinoroji e nano cage molecular kusangana uye kugadzirira kwecerium zirconium zvinhu zvine yakakwira chaiyo nzvimbo, kusimudzira kweyepamusoro-yepamusoro kuita isingawanzo kugadzirwa pasi pevhu zvinokonzeresa zvinhu, uye chiyero chekushandisa mune inoshanda isingawanzo pasi catalytic kuchenesa zvikamu zveyakagadziriswa sosi uye mobile. source exhaust system kuti uzive nzvimbo.

5. Yepamberi isingawanzo crystal zvinhu zvepasi uye tekinoroji yavo yekugadzirira maindasitiri

Rare Earth crystal zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukudzivirira kwenyika, kucheka-kumucheto kwesainzi zvishandiso, kurapwa, kuona, kuongorora kuchengetedza uye mamwe minda. Rare Earth crystal zvinhu uye yavo indasitiri yekugadzirira tekinoroji ndiyo huru yekusimudzira maitiro mune ramangwana

Iyo yakakosha yekusimudzira kutungamira kweasingawanzo pasi laser crystal inosanganisira: kukura kwehukuru hukuru uye yakakwirira mhando isingawanzo pasi pasi laser crystal kukura uye kugadzirisa tekinoroji nemidziyo;.

Gadzira inoshanda tekinoroji yekugadzirira yemhando yepamusoro isingawanzo pasi laser crystal uye laser fiber; akasiyana-siyana matsva ekushandisa matekinoroji akavakirwa pane isingawanzo pasi laser crystal.

6. Kugadzirira teknolojia ye-high-purity rare earth metals uye zvinangwa

Chizvarwa chitsva cheruzivo zvemagetsi uye zvigadzirwa zvesimba ndiwo makuru ekushandisa mirairo yekuchena kwepamusoro isingawanzo simbi dzepasi uye zvigadzirwa zvinonangwa. Mune ramangwana, kutsvagisa kwakakosha nekusimudzira nzira dzekuchena kwepasi zvisingawanzo simbi zvinhu zvinosanganisira: kuenderera mberi nekuvandudza kuchena kweasingawanzo simbi dzepasi kusvika pamusoro pe4N5 (99.995%), kugadzira yakaderera-yakakura uye yakakura kugadzirira kweyakanyanya kuchena isingawanzo simbi yepasi. tekinoroji yekupa zvakakosha zvigadzirwa zvekusimudzira kuchena kwepamusoro zvisingawanzo tariswa pasi; kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekudzora ekuchenesa uye hombe yakakwira vacuum yekuchenesa senge hombe yenzvimbo yevira uye imwe kristaro yekunatsa choto; kuvandudzwa kwekuongorora uye yekuona tekinoroji yekutsvagisa tsvina mune Ultra high pure rare Earth metals uye zvinonangwa zvinhu.

(3) Zvinangwa zvebudiriro

1.2025 chinangwa: Kupedzisa shanduko yeisingawanzo indasitiri yepasi kubva pakutevera kuenda kumhanya nekumhanya

Pakazosvika 2025, ichave nyika ine simba mumunda wezvisingawanzo shanda zvinhu zvepasi. Kune chizvarwa chitsva cheruzivo tekinoroji, zvekufambisa zvemazuva ano, chizvarwa chitsva chekuvhenekesa uye kuratidza, kuchengetedza simba, kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, dunhu rakasanganiswa, biological mushonga, kudzivirira kwenyika, chikuru budiriro inodiwa, yekutanga tenzi ane yakazvimirira ekuchenjera pfuma kodzero yeasingawanzo pasi magineti zvinhu. uye kiyi yakakosha tekinoroji yezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira, mota nyowani dzesimba, aerospace, maindasitiri servo mota uye mamwe epamusoro-ekupedzisira magineti ekushandisa, isingawanzo pasi isingaperi magineti zvinhu chizvarwa chebudiriro yakasvika 70%. Kupwanya batch uye yakagadzikana yekugadzirira tekinoroji yezvinhu zvisingawanzo kupenya pasi, uye chiyero chenzvimbo chakawedzera kusvika kupfuura 80%; pwanya kiyi yekugadzirira tekinoroji yezvitsva zvisingaite zvepasi zvinoshanda senge yakakwirira-isingawanzo dhizaini yepasi crystal zvinhu, kuchena kwepamusoro zvisingawanzo simbi dzepasi uye zvinonangwa zvinhu, zvinosangana nezvinodiwa zvepamusoro-yekupedzisira michina yekurapa, yehungwaru kuona, yakabatanidzwa dunhu, nezvimwe. zvishoma kutsiva kunze kwenyika; gadzira zvinhu zvitsva zvisingaite zvepasi zvinoshanda uye tekinoroji yavo yekugadzirira, uye kuwedzera minda mitsva yekushandisa. Pakazosvika 2025, China ichagona akati wandei akakosha matekinoroji ezvinokosha zvisingawanzo zvinhu zvitsva zvepasi, uye kuumba akati wandei emakambani emarudzi akawanda nemasumbu emaindasitiri ane kukwikwidza kwakasimba kwepasirese munzvimbo dzemakwikwi. Chinzvimbo chedu muindasitiri yepasi rose kukosha ichasimudzirwa zvakanyanya, uye shanduko yeisingawanzo indasitiri yepasi kubva mukutevera kusvika mukumhanya ichapedzwa.

2.2030 chinangwa: Kutanga kuvaka China kuita pasirese simba repasi

Pakazosvika 2030, mumunda wezvisingawanzo shanda zvepasi, kugona kwehunyanzvi kuchavandudzwa zvakanyanya, uye kunogona kutungamira kutsvagisa kwepasirese uye kuvandudzwa kwemaindasitiri ezvisingawanzo kugadzirwa zvemagineti zvepasi, uye kutanga kuzadzisa chinangwa chekuve indasitiri yepasi isingawanzo. Super high performance inogara magineti mumarobhoti, midziyo yekurapa, aerospace, Internet yezvinhu, ngarava, petrochemical uye zvimwe midziyo mikuru uye engineering application, tenzi ane yakazvimirira kodzero yepfuma yezviwanikwa zvepasi remagineti zvinhu uye zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira, iyo itsva simba mota, navigation 042 air aerospace, maindasitiri servo mota uye mamwe epamusoro-ekupedzisira magineti ekushandisa, isingawanzo pasi pechigarire magineti zvinhu kutsiva budiriro mwero yakasvika 80%.

3. Chinangwa che2035: Kuvaka simba repasi repasi risingawanzo

Pakazosvika 2035, kubudirira kukuru kuchaitwa mumunda wezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi, uye hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza huchavandudzwa zvakanyanya. Iyo yakazara innovation level mumunda wezvisingawanzo pasi zvinhu zvitsva zvichasvika padanho repasi-pasi, kukwikwidza kwese kuchasimbiswa zvakanyanya, mamwe mabhenefiti achaumba hunyanzvi hwepasirese inotungamira kugona, uye kuvaka China kuita simba renyika mune isingawanzo kushanda pasi. zvinhu.

Rare Earth isingaperi magineti zvinhu, catalytic materials, uye zvinhu zvinopenya zvasvika padanho repamusoro repasi rose, kuwana kugutsikana kuzere. Iyo yekuzvimiririra mwero weiyo optical inoshanda makristasi uye yakanyanya-yakachena isingawanzo pasi yekudzivirira yenyika maapplication yakakura kupfuura 95%; iyo yakakosha tekinoroji uye kodzero dzezvivakwa zvehungwaru zvepasi remagineti zvinhu uye yakakwirira-yekupedzisira magineti senge mota nyowani simba, dziviriro yenyika, aerospace, hungwaru kugadzira, hutano hwehutano, Marine engineering, kugadzira batch yepakutanga isingawanzo shanda zvinhu zvepasi, umo kodzero dzepakutanga dzepfuma yechizvarwa chitsva chezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvemagineti zvepasi zviri mumaoko eChina. China yakazvimiririra yakagadziridzwa zviyero inodarika makumi matatu muzana yezviyero zvepasirese, uye ine izwi mukugadzira yepamusoro-yekupedzisira zvinhu zviyero; kudziridza matarenda ehunyanzvi uye zvikwata zvezvisingawanzo mashandiro epasi, ziva nzira itsva yekusimudzira yekutyaira maapplication matsva nezvinhu zvisingaite zvepasi zvinoshanda, uye gadza inotungamira pasi rose tekinoroji innovation system uye maindasitiri sisitimu yekupa chikuva chekutanga matekinoroji.

4. policy proposal

Iyo 2035 yekuvandudza zano rezvisingawanzo mashandiro evhu, inomhanyisa kuvakwa kweiyo nzira nyowani yekusimudzira yesainzi uye tekinoroji hunyanzvi hwezvinhu zvisingaite zvepasi zvinoshanda, kugadzirisa zviwanikwa zvesainzi uye tekinoroji uye zviwanikwa zvevanhu munzvimbo dzisingawanzo kutungamira pasi, uye kubatanidza "bhodhi refu. " mukana mumunda wepasi risingawanzo. Inofanirwa kuyedza kuvandudza kugona kwekutanga innovation, chiyero cheinjiniya uye kugona kuita, kusimudzira kugadzirwa kwegirinhi kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo kushanda zvepasi, kusimudzira zvine simba kusangana neiyo yepamusoro-yekupedzisira application ine yakazvimirira yehungwaru pfuma kodzero dzepamusoro-isingawanzo kuita pasi remagineti, chiedza, magetsi uye zvimwe zvitsva zvinoshanda uye tekinoroji yekushandisa, gadza China yepamberi isingawanzo zvinhu zvepasi "ne" innovation chikuva, kuvaka zvisingawanzo pasi zvinhu uye kushandisa yakaderera kabhoni yehupfumi indasitiri cheni, yakaumbwa neChina yakazvimirira yehungwaru kodzero yehunyanzvi hwekuita basa rare rare earth materials Strategic maindasitiri, zvishoma nezvishoma. ziva nesimba rekugadzira pasi risingawanikwe kune simba repasi risingawanzo. Matemo chaiwo uye zviyero zvinokurudzirwa sezvizvi:

(1) Simbisa kugona kwehunyanzvi hwekufungidzira kutsvagisa uye tsigiro yemitemo mumunda wezvisingawanzo shanda zvepasi padanho renyika.

Chekutanga, mhanyisa kugadzwa kweiyo intellectual property system, tekinoroji system, tarenda system uye hurongwa hwepuratifomu yezvinhu zvisingawanzo mashandiro epasi zvakarongedzerwa padanho renyika.

Chechipiri, simbisa kuenderera mberi uye kuenderera mberi kwekushandiswa kwepakati-uye chirongwa chenguva refu mumunda wezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki zvepasi, kuumba kutsigirwa kwehurumende kwenguva refu uye kwakagadzikana uye kudzivisa kutsigirwa kwepakati.

Chechitatu, kusimbisa ruzivo rwekuchengetedzwa kwepfuma yehungwaru mumunda wezvinhu zvisingawanzo kushanda pasi, kuvandudza hurongwa hwemutemo uye nzira yekushandisa yekudzivirira kwepfuma yehungwaru, kusimbisa uye kuita matanho ekukurudzira emabasa ekuvandudza mabasa evagadziri vebasa, uye kusimudzira endogenous kukurudzira uye kubuda kwe tekinoroji tekinoroji yezvinhu zvisingawanzo mashandiro epasi uye maindasitiri avo.

(2) Simbisa tsigiro yeasingawanzo pasi mukana wetimu uye tarenda gradient kuvaka, uye gadzirisa inogoneka innovation kugona kwezvinhu zvisingawanzo kushanda pasi.

Chekutanga, tichapa rutsigiro rwenguva refu uye rwakatsiga kumakwikwi ekutsvagisa masangano uye zvikwata mumunda wezvakanakira nyika isingawanzo, uye nekumisikidza nyika sainzi uye tekinoroji innovation papuratifomu mabhesi epasi asingawanzo kushanda zvinhu pamatanho akasiyana nekukurumidza.

Chechipiri, ipai zvakakwana basa revechidiki uye vezera repakati nyanzvi mukuvaka tarenda echelon kudzivisa kukanganisa kwetarenda uye kutambisa zviwanikwa zvetarenda.

Chechitatu, tarisa pakudzidzisa vechidiki musana uye venguva yakazara matekiniki mumunda wezvisingawanzo shanda zvinhu zvepasi. Kune akatanhamara ehunyanzvi matarenda, iyo evaluation mutemo chikumbaridzo inogona kudzoreredzwa zvakakodzera, uye chero bedzi ivo vachiita mipiro, vane mukana wekuona kukosha kwemunhu, kuitira kuti matarenda anotungamira asimudzirwe mukutsvaga kwesainzi uye mabasa ekuvandudza Kubuda kwepamhepo.

(3) Simbisa kudyidzana kwepasirese mumunda wezvisingawanzo kushanda zvepasi uye kuwedzera kukwikwidza kweChina kwepasi rose mumunda wezvisingawanzo shanda zvepasi.

Kutanga, mumamiriro ezvinhu epasi rose aripo, mikana yakasiyana-siyana inofanira kushandiswa kuita shanduko yevashandi vepasi rose uye isingawanzoitiki sainzi uye tekinoroji ruzivo rwekuchinjana; dhipatimendi remanejimendi rinofanirwa kuyedza kufambisa shanduko yepasirese yesainzi uye tekinoroji, kudzikisira muganho wevaongorori kuenda kumisangano yezvidzidzo uye nekutsinhana kwehunyanzvi, uye kudzivirira tsvakiridzo yehunyanzvi nekuvandudza kwe "kuzvivharira" kunokonzerwa nezvido zvemuno uye zvedhipatimendi.

Chechipiri, maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu aripo kumba nekune dzimwe nyika, tichisimbisa kutenderera kwemukati mumunda wezvigadzirwa zvepasi zvisingawanzoshanda, tinofanira kuedza kuwedzera misika itsva yepasi rose uye kuwedzera kutenderera kwekunze kwenyika. Kune rimwe divi, simbisa iyo nhanho yekuvhurira kune yekunze, chengetedza uye gadzira mamiriro ekuunzwa epamusoro-magumo ekushandisa mabhizinesi ezvisingawanzo pasi zvinhu zvitsva, kushingaira kuumba uye kumisikidza nzira itsva yepasi rose isingawanzo indasitiri yezvigadzirwa zvitsva uye nharaunda yerare Earth tekinoroji; nerumwe rutivi, zorodza zvine mwero kupinza kwepasi risingawanike zvinhu kuti uderedze kudzvanywa kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa; panguva imwecheteyo, kurudzira maChinese asingawanzo mabhizinesi epasi kuti abude, atore, atenge migove uye agadzire nyowani isingawanzo pasi zvinhu zvitsva zvakaita serobhoti servo mota uye yemagetsi mota drive mota Iwo anobatsira mabhizinesi ezvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro zvekushandisa anovandudza bhizinesi nesainzi. uye nharaunda yekuvandudza tekinoroji kumba nekune dzimwe nyika, kuitira kusimudzira kukwikwidza kwepasirese kweChina isingawanzo shanda zvinhu indasitiri cheni uye cheni yekugovera.