UPhando oluCwangcisiweyo malunga nokuVela kweZibonelelo eziSebenzayo eziRare Earth ngoNyaka wama-2035
Zhu Minggang',Sun Xu',Liu Ronghui,xu Huibing₂
(1. General Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081; 2. Zhong yan Rare Earth New Materials Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088)
Abstract: Njengenye yezinto eziphambili zeqhinga kunye nezona mpawu zobutyebi e-China, umhlaba onqabileyoizinto ezisebenzayo zizinto ezingundoqo ezixhasa isizukulwana esitsha sobuchwepheshe bolwazi , i-aerospace kunye nezixhobo zanamhlanje kunye nezixhobo, ukuhamba ngomzila kaloliwe ophucukileyo, ukonga amandla kunye nezithuthi zamandla amatsha, izixhobo zonyango ezisebenza kakhulu kunye nezinye iindawo zobugcisa obuphezulu. Eli phepha lazisa imvelaphi yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisebenzayo kushishino kunye newonga lophuhliso, uhlalutya iingxaki ezikhoyo kuphuhliso lomhlaba ezinqabileyo kushishino izinto ezisebenzayo e China, ibeka phambili amandla ezinto ezintsha 2035 uphuhliso isicwangciso sophuhliso izimvo kunye nolwalathiso uphuhliso oluphambili, ukusuka ukomeleza. umhlaba onqabileyo uqikelelo lweqhinga kunye nenkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo, ukomeleza uphando olusisiseko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwintsimi yomhlaba onqabileyo, ukomeleza ukwakhiwa kweqela lenzuzo yomhlaba enqabileyo kunye netalente yabeka phambili Iingcebiso zomgaqo-nkqubo, ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba, ukuqonda iqhinga. ukusuka kumandla omhlaba anqabileyo ukuya kumandla omhlaba anqabileyo ukunika ireferensi.
Amagama angundoqo: imathiriyeli enqabileyo yokusebenza komhlaba; izixhobo eziphambili zobuchule; amandla ezinto ezintsha 2035
Inombolo yokuhlelwa: O614.33; TG
UbuCwangciso boPhuhliso lwe-Rare E art
IiMathiriyeli eziSebenzayo ngo-2035
Zhu Minggang 1 , Sun Xu 1 , Liu Ronghui2 , Xu Huibing 2
(1. Central Iron & Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China; 2. Grirem Advanced Materials Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China)
Inkcazo: Izinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba zibalulekile kwaye zicwangciswe ngobuchule ekuxhaseni amasimi obuchwepheshe obuphezulu obufana nobuchwephesha bolwazi lwesizukulwana esitsha, i-aerospace kunye nezixhobo zala maxesha, uhambo oluhamba phambili lukaloliwe, ukonga umbane kunye nezithuthi zamandla amatsha, kunye ne-high-performance m edical. izixhobo .Kweli nqaku , ubume bophuhliso kunye neentsingiselo zeshishini lezinto ezisebenzayo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo eChina zaziswa kwaye iingxaki zeshishini ziyahlaziywa .Ukukhuthaza ukukhuphisana kwezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba eChina , ezinye iingcebiso zomgaqo-nkqubo zicetywayo . kubandakanywa nokuqinisa ukuqikelelwa kweqhinga kunye nenkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo, ukukhuthaza uphando olusisiseko kunye nesicelo, kunye nokuphucula ukwakhiwa kwamaqela anenzuzo kunye nophuhliso lwabasebenzi kwintsimi yomhlaba onqabileyo.
Amagama angundoqo : izinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba; izixhobo ezibalulekileyo kunye nezicwangciso-qhinga; iqhinga elitsha lamandla okusebenza ngo-2035
Okokuqala, isandulela
Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo (i-15 lanthanides, yttrium, scandium iyonke 17 yuan Igama eliqhelekileyo le-element) ngenxa yolwakhiwo olukhethekileyo lwe-electronic layer, ukuze ibe neempawu ezibalaseleyo zemagnethi, ezibonakalayo, zombane kunye nezinye zomzimba kunye nemichiza, kwizithuthi zamandla amatsha, umboniso omtsha. kunye nezibane, iirobhothi zoshishino, kunye nolwazi lwe-elektroniki, i-aerospace, ukhuselo lwesizwe, ugcino lwamandla kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo eziphezulu kunye namanye amashishini asakhulayo anobuchule adlala indima ebalulekileyo, yinto eyimfuneko engundoqo esisiseko [1].
Izinto ezintsha zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezimelwe zizinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo emhlabeni ziye zagqitywa Enye yeendawo ekugxilwe kuzo kukhuphiswano lwebhola. Amazwe aphuhlileyo kunye nemimandla efana neYurophu, iMelika kunye neJapan adwelise izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba "njengezinto ezicwangcisiweyo zenkulungwane yama-21", kwaye aqhuba ugcino lobuchule kunye nophando oluphambili. I-"Key Materials Strategy" equlunqwe liSebe lezaMandla laseMelika, "iSicwangciso soBuchule beSiqalelo" esenziwe nguMphathiswa weMfundo, iMfundo, iSayensi, kunye ne "EU Critical Raw Materials Plan" esenziwe yi-European Union zonke zidweliswe izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. njengeendawo eziphambili zophando. Ngokukodwa, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iUnited States iphinde yaqala ishishini lomhlaba elinqabileyo ukuze ifumane iimagnethi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezikhoyo ukuze zisetyenziswe emkhosini. Kunokuthiwa izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisisigxina zemagnethi ziye zaba "i-Shangganling" kwintsimi yezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-China idwelise umhlaba onqabileyo njengomthombo weqhinga lolawulo kunye nophuhliso lwesizwe, kwaye idwelise izinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba njengezinto eziphambili zeqhinga kwizicwangciso zayo zelizwe eliphakathi, ixesha elide kunye nexesha elide njenge "Made in China 2025" . Iimbono zeBhunga leSizwe malunga nokuKhuthaza uPhuhliso oluZinzileyo kunye noBusempilweni kwiShishini loMhlaba oRare kunye neminye imimiselo echaphazelekayo iye yanceda ukukhuthaza ukutsha kwezenzululwazi kunye neteknoloji kwintsimi yezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba, ukulungelelanisa isakhiwo soshishino lomhlaba onqabileyo, kunye nokukhuthaza. ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwinqanaba lophuhliso kunye nomgangatho wezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba e-China.
2. Ubume bophuhliso lwemathiriyeli enqabileyo yokusebenza komhlaba
Umhlaba onqabileyo ngumthombo obalulekileyo weqhinga kunye nentsimi enenzuzo apho iTshayina inamandla entetho yehlabathi. I-China lilizwe elikhulu kwihlabathi elinoovimba bobutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo. Ngokutsho koovimba bebonke bobutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo bumalunga ne-1.2108 t, phakathi kwabo oovimba baseTshayina bafikelela kwi-4.4107 t, ebalelwa malunga ne-37.8% [2,3], i-China ngowona mvelisi mkhulu wehlabathi weeminerali zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. Ngo-2019, imveliso yomhlaba enqabileyo yehlabathi yayiyi-2.1105 t, phakathi kwayo imveliso yomhlaba enqabileyo yaseTshayina yafikelela kwi-1.32105 t, ibalelwa malunga ne-63% yemveliso yomhlaba enqabileyo yehlabathi. Kwangaxeshanye, iTshayina lilizwe elinqabileyo lemizi-mveliso yomhlaba enenkqubo epheleleyo yemizi-mveliso ezimeleyo, egubungela ukusetyenzwa kwentsimbi ekrwada ukusuka phezulu, ukunyibilika kokwahlulwa, ioksidi kunye nemveliso yesinyithi yomhlaba enqabileyo kumbindi womlambo, kunye nazo zonke izinto ezintsha ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwindawo. ezantsi ngomlambo. Ngo-2018, ixabiso lemveliso yetsheyini yeshishini lomhlaba elinqabileyo laseTshayina lalimalunga ne-90 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, apho izinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba zibalelwa kwi-56%, ixabiso lemveliso lalimalunga neebhiliyoni ezingama-50 zeeyuan, ukunyibilikiswa kunye nokwahlula kubalelwa kwi-27%, kwaye ixabiso lemveliso lalimalunga yuan 25 billion. Phakathi kwazo, izinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba zinika umlinganiselo ophezulu wezinto ezinqabileyo zamagnetic emhlabeni, ezibalelwa kwi-75%, kunye nexabiso lemveliso elimalunga ne-37.5 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, izixhobo ze-catalytic ezibalelwa kwi-20%, kunye nexabiso lemveliso elimalunga ne-10 yeebhiliyoni. yuan. Kwisakhiwo sokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba e-China, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisisigxina zemagnethi zixhamla kuphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwezithuthi zamandla amatsha kunye noshishino lwe-elektroniki, lubalelwa ngaphezu kwe-40% kwisakhiwo sokusetyenziswa; i-metallurgy, oomatshini, i-petrochemical kunye ne-glass ceramics i-akhawunti ye-12%, i-9% kunye ne-8% ngokulandelanayo, izinto zokugcina i-hydrogen kunye nezixhobo ze-luminescent malunga ne-7%; imathiriyeli ye-catalytic, imathiriyeli yokupholisha kunye nempahla yokukhanya yezolimo ye-5% [4].
(1) Umhlaba onqabileyo wokunyibilikiswa kunye nokwahlula umhlaba
Ngowe-1988, imveliso yomhlaba enqabileyo yaseTshayina yayodlula iUnited States, yaba lilizwe lokuqala elinqabileyo emhlabeni. Umhlaba onqabileyo waseTshayina wokunyibilikisa kunye nenqanaba lokwahlukana ukhokela kwihlabathi kwaye uyaqhubeka nanamhla, elawula imarike yehlabathi yokucoceka okuphezulu komhlaba omnye onqabileyo. Okwangoku, amashishini eTshayina anqabileyo okwahlula ukunyibilikiswa komhlaba agxile ikakhulu kwiqela lehlabathi elinqabileyo lamathandathu laseTshayina: umntla onqabileyo womhlaba we-high-tech co., LTD. (iqela), emazantsi eTshayina enqabileyo emhlabeni iqela co., LTD., Guangdong enqabileyo ihlabathi ishishini iqela, co., LTD., China rare earth co., LTD., minmetals rare earth group co., LTD., Xiamen tungsten industry co. ., LTD. Iiprojekthi ezinqabileyo zokunyibilikisa kunye nokwahlula umhlaba wangaphandle zibandakanya iprojekthi yeMountain Pass yeAmerican Molybdenum Company (efunyenwe yiShenghe Resources Holdings Co., Ltd.), iprojekthi yokunyibilikisa kunye nokwahlula i-Australian Lynas eKuantan, eMalaysia, kunye neBelgian Solvi Group (iSolvay). ) iprojekthi, njl.
(2) Intsimi yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisisigxina zemagnethi
Izixhobo zemagnethi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ayisiyiyo kuphela isikhokelo sophuhliso olukhawulezayo kunye nesona sikali sikhulu kunye nesigqibeleleyo soshishino kuyo yonke intsimi enqabileyo yomhlaba, kodwa kunye nesixhobo esibalulekileyo esingenakubuyiselwa kwaye siyimfuneko kushishino lokhuselo lwesizwe, kunye necandelo lesicelo elinelona likhulu. ubungakanani bezinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo. Ukusukela ngo-2000, isikali soshishino lokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zemagnethi zomhlaba ezisisigxina e-China ziye zanda, kwaye imveliso engenanto yeemagnethi ze-NdFEB inyuke ukusuka kwi-8104 t ekuqaleni kweSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu ye-12 ukuya kwi-1.8105 t ngo-2019, ithatha ngaphezulu kwe-85% yemveliso yehlabathi; imveliso ye-samarium cobalt esisigxina yemagnethi imathiriyeli yi-2400 t, ibala ngaphezu kwe-80% yesiphumo esipheleleyo.
Uphuhliso olubanzi lweemagnethi ze-NdfeB ze-sintered kumashishini obuchwepheshe obuphezulu obunje ngezithuthi zamandla amatsha afana nokuveliswa kwamandla omoya, izithuthi ezixutyiweyo kunye nezombane, izixhobo zombane ezigcina amandla ekhaya, iirobhothi zemizi-mveliso, isantya esiphezulu kunye noololiwe be-maglev banike inkxaso ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso. kushishino lwemathiriyeli yemagnethi yomhlaba esisigxina kunye nokukhula okubonakalayo kolu shishino. I-China ikufutshane nenqanaba eliphezulu loontanga behlabathi kumacandelo okusebenza okuphezulu kwezixhobo zemagnethi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezinqabileyo, itekhnoloji yokunciphisa umhlaba enqabileyo enqabileyo, ukusetyenziswa ngokulungeleleneyo kobuninzi obunqabileyo bomhlaba obusisigxina bemagnethi kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe imagnethi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji.
Nangona ilizwe lethu libe ngumvelisi omkhulu wehlabathi wezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisisigxina zemagnethi, ezimelwe yintabalala ephezulu yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisisigxina zemagnethi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zokulungiselela iteknoloji yokulungiswa kwemagnethi ikwindawo ehamba phambili yehlabathi, kodwa i-China enqabileyo emhlabeni isigxina iimveliso zemagnethi, isengakwazi ukuhlangabezana ne-robot yezinga eliphezulu, isizukulwana sesihlanu se-teknoloji yonxibelelwano lweselula (5G), umatshini we-lithography kunye namanye amashishini avelayo afuna i-high-end isigxina se-teknoloji yamagnetic. Kwangaxeshanye, kusekho umsantsa omkhulu kumazwe aphuhlileyo anje nge-United States neJapan kwezona teknoloji ziphezulu zokulungiselela, ukuguqulwa kwe-thermal, ukucolwa kweenkozo, kunye nezixhobo ezikrelekrele eziqhubekayo.
(3) Kwintsimi yezinto ezinqabileyo ze-luminescent
Ngokungena okukhawulezileyo kwezixhobo ze-semiconductor kwimimandla yokukhanyisa, umboniso kunye nokufumanisa ulwazi, imfuno yemarike yomgangatho womthombo wokukhanya nayo iyanda. Kwintsimi yokukhanyisa, ukukhanya okupheleleyo kwe-spectrum kuthathwa njengokhokelo olukhokelayo kwisizukulwana esitsha sokukhanya okumhlophe kwe-LED. Kweminye imimandla yezixhobo ze-luminescent, ii-detectors ezikufuphi ne-infrared ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi ye-Intanethi, eye yaba yingqwalasela yehlabathi, kwaye inethemba elikhulu lokusebenzisa ukhuseleko, i-biometrics, ukutya kunye novavanyo lwezonyango kunye nezinye iinkalo.
Kwintsimi yezinto ezikhanyayo, kunye ne-white light-emitting diode (LED) ukukhanya kunye nezixhobo zokubonisa, i-Mitsubishi Chemical Co., LTD., I-Electrification Corporation, iJapan Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. ineenzuzo ezipheleleyo ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso, umthamo wokuthengisa. kunye nee-asethi zizonke kwimarike yehlabathi. Izinga lendawo yokukhanya okumhlophe kwe-phosphor ye-LED e-China iye yanda ukusuka kwi-2000, ngaphantsi kwe-5% ngonyaka, ukuya malunga ne-85% ngoku. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho umsantsa othile wetekhnoloji phakathi kwamashishini aseTshayina kunye namazwe angaphandle. Okwangoku, awona mashishini anempembelelo eTshayina yiYouyou Yan Rare Earth New Materials Co., LTD., Jiangsu Borui Optoelectronics Co., LTD., kunye neJiangmen Keheng Industrial Co., LTD.
(4) Ibala lezinto zekristale zomhlaba ezinqabileyo
Izixhobo zekristale zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ikakhulu zibandakanya iikristale zelaser yomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye neekristale zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ze-scintigraphic, ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kukhuselo lwelizwe, izixhobo zenzululwazi ezisikelelwe, unyango, ukubhaqwa, ukuhlolwa kokhuseleko kunye neminye imimandla. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izixhobo zokuxilonga zonyango eziphezulu ezifana ne-positron emission computed tomography (PET-CT) ziye zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza, zidala imfuno eqinileyo ye-high-performance enqabileyo yomhlaba scintitillations emelwe yi-yttrium lutetium silicate (LYSO) crystals (LYSO) crystals, kunye noqoqosho olukhulayo olumelwe. yi-China inamandla amakhulu kwimarike kwixesha elizayo. Ngokusekwe kubunini beyunithi enye kwisigidi sabantu, iChina kufuneka yongeze malunga ne-1,000 yeeyunithi ze-PET-CT izixhobo, kwaye imfuno yeekristale ezinqabileyo ze-earth scintillation ziya kudlula i-3 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan.
(5) Intsimi yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zithatha indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwesizwe, olunokuthi lusetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwindalo kunye namandla, ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kobuninzi obuphezulu kunye nokukhanya okunqabileyo komhlaba i-lanthanum kunye ne-cerium, ukunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokusombulula ukungalingani kokusetyenziswa komhlaba onqabileyo. e-China, ukuphucula amandla kunye nobuchwephesha bokusingqongileyo, kunye nokuphucula indawo yokuhlala yabantu. I-oyile yokuqhekeka i-oyile kunye ne-exhaust yokucocwa kokucocwa kwemoto yeyona nto inqabileyo yomhlaba idosi yezixhobo ezikhulu, kubandakanya i-oyile yokuqhekeka, umthombo ohambahambayo (iimoto, iinqanawa, oomatshini bezolimo, njl. ngaphandle kwempahla, ukutsha kwegesi yendalo, unyango lwegesi yenkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo, njl.)
Xa kuthelekiswa ne-catalysts efanayo kwihlabathi, ii-catalysts eziqhekezayo zasekhaya ziye zafikelela kwinqanaba elifanayo ekusebenzeni kwazo. Kodwa kwisixhobo sokucoca inqwelo-mafutha, iplanti yamandla etshiswe ngamalahle enobushushu obuphezulu begesi yenkunkuma, efana ne-cerium zirconium enqabileyo yezinto zokugcina ioksijini yomhlaba, i-alumina eguquliweyo, ubungakanani obukhulu, i-ultra-thin wall carrier (> 600 mesh) imveliso enkulu, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo iteknoloji engundoqo kunye nezixhobo, njl., kunye nenqanaba eliphambili langaphandle kusenomsantsa othile.
(6) Ukucoceka okuphezulu kweentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye nezinto ezijoliswe kuzo
Ucoceko oluphezulu lwentsimbi enqabileyo yomhlaba yeyona nto ingundoqo ekrwada kuphando kunye nophuhliso lwemathiriyeli yetekhnoloji ephezulu, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimathiriyeli kazibuthe, izinto ezibonakalayo ezisebenzayo, izixhobo ze-catalytic, izinto zokugcina i-hydrogen, imathiriyeli ye-ceramic esebenzayo, i-sputtering imathiriyeli ekujoliswe kuyo ngolwazi lwe-elektroniki. kunye neminye imimandla. Ukuya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, i-mine metal co., LTD., I-East cao corporation, inkampani ye-honeywell yamazwe ngamazwe kunye namashishini aseYurophu naseMelika baye basuka ekulungiseleleni isinyithi esisulungekileyo ukuya kuphuhliso loshishino kunye nenqanaba elitsha lesicelo semathiriyeli, phantsi kwe-7 nm inkqubo yomyalelo ophezulu. isekethe edibeneyo, izixhobo zonxibelelwano ze-5G, izixhobo eziphezulu zamandla kunye ne-sensor ehlakaniphile, imemori yelizwe eliqinileyo kunye nezinye iimveliso zolwazi oluphezulu lwe-elektroniki zibonelela ngezinto eziphambili ezixhasayo. Amashishini ehlabathi adume ngobunyulu obuphezulu obunqabileyo besinyithi kunye nemveliso ejoliswe kuyo ikakhulu yiJapan Toscao Corporation, iHoneywell International Corporation kunye namanye amashishini angama-500 anethamsanqa. Ucoceko oluphezulu lwaseTshayina olunqabileyo lwesinyithi kunye namashishini okwenziwa kwezinto ekujoliswe kuwo ikakhulu abandakanya iZhongyan Rare Earth New Materials Co., Ltd., iHunan Rare Earth Metal Materials Research Institute, njl. kunye neminye imiba. Okwangoku, i-China iqhekeze itekhnoloji yokulungiselela i-Ultra-high purity yesinyithi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, kodwa kusekho umgama othile wokuqonda ushishino kunye nokuqinisekisa uphuhliso lwesekethe edibeneyo kunye nolunye ulwazi lwe-elektroniki.
3. Ubunzima kunye nemingeni ekuphuhlisweni kwezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba
Ngokusekwe kolu phando lungasentla lwezixhobo zokusebenza zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, kunokufunyaniswa ukuba ubutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo, njengemithombo yesicwangciso-qhinga enqongopheleyo engahlaziyekiyo, ibisoloko iyenye yengqwalasela yehlabathi. Ekubeni ingxabano yorhwebo phakathi kweTshayina kunye ne-United States, umhlaba onqabileyo kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisisigxina zemagnethi ziye zaba "amagama aphambili" ahlala ekhankanywa ngamajelo asekhaya nangaphandle. Isizathu sikukuba ukongamela komhlaba onqabileyo waseTshayina kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo onqabileyo wezinto ezizibuthe ezisisigxina kwikhonkco loshishino kunye nesantya sophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yezixhobo zemagnethi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisisigxina ziyayikhathaza iMelika. Nangona ubutyebi bomhlaba obunqabileyo baseTshayina kunye nemigodi yomhlaba enqabileyo, ubugcisa bokukhetha kunye nokunyibilikisa bukwizikhundla eziphambili kwihlabathi, kwaye inothotho lwetekhnoloji yokuqala, isajongene nobunzima kunye nemingeni emininzi kuphuhliso lwemathiriyeli enqabileyo yokusebenza komhlaba.
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisebenzayo zemingeni yangaphandle, ikakhulu zivela eUnited States ukuya "kwinkqubo ye-guo + inkampu yehlabathi", izama "ukuqhawula ngokubanzi" indlela yokulahla ukuxhomekeka kwimveliso yemagnethi enqabileyo yomhlaba esisigxina, ngexesha elifanayo ukuvuselela amanye amazwe. ukuyeka ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zamagnetic zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zaseTshayina, ukuqulatha kunye nokuthintela uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwenzululwazi yomhlaba enqabileyo kunye nethekhnoloji kunye noshishino lwesicelo kwilizwe lethu. Kwelinye icala, phakathi kunye namasimi isicelo ezantsi enqabileyo umhlaba ukusebenza, uninzi uphando kunye nophuhliso China ikwimo ekhokelayo iindlela zobuchwepheshe angaphandle. Nangona kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwilizwe lethu kwinkalo yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba izicelo zelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza zinyuka ngokukhawuleza, kodwa uninzi lwazo ziphuculwe patent okanye edge patent, inamalungelo angundoqo azimeleyo epropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda, ingakumbi ipatent yokuqala yamazwe ngamazwe, uninzi lweteknoloji engundoqo. ngezithintelo zobugcisa zelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza langaphandle, zichaphazele ngokunzulu umgangatho ophezulu wophuhliso loshishino lomhlaba olunqabileyo kunye nokuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe.
Imingeni yangaphakathi yezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba zivela ikakhulu kwiintsilelo ezisisiseko zeshishini elinqabileyo lomhlaba kunye nokungahoywa ngokwaneleyo "kokwenza ibhodi elide"; amashishini kunye namaziko ophando akhetha ukuxhasa uphando lwexesha elifutshane kunye nobuchwepheshe bokulinganisa, kunye nenkxaso enganelanga kubuchwepheshe bokuqala kunye nobunzima obukhulu bophuhliso, iindleko eziphezulu zophuhliso kunye nomjikelo ode wokuphumelela kwethekhinoloji; Uphando lwentsebenziswano olunamacandelo amaninzi kunye nolwahlulo lwamashishini kunye namandla ophuhliso kummandla wezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisebenzayo kufuneka zomelezwe. Kuhlalutyo lokugqibela, isakhono sokuqala saseTshayina asanelanga, kwaye amandla okulawula itekhnoloji engundoqo yezinto ezinqabileyo zokusebenza emhlabeni abuthathaka.
Ngoko ke, kugxininise ekuphuhlisweni kwezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba ngo-2035, ingqwalasela engakumbi kufuneka ihlawulwe kulwakhiwo oluzimeleyo lwe-innovation yomthamo wezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisebenzayo ukusuka kumbono wehlabathi jikelele, kubandakanywa nokulawulwa kobuchwepheshe obuphambili, ukufunda kunye nokudibanisa iitekhnoloji ezihambele phambili zamazwe ngamazwe, kunye noncedo lweshishini elinqabileyo elisebenzayo lomhlaba kunye nokuba likhulu kwaye lomelele.
4. Izinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba kwiingcamango zophuhliso lwexesha elizayo, uphuhliso oluphambili Ulwalathiso kunye neenjongo zophuhliso
(1) Iingcamango zophuhliso
Idityaniswe ngokusondeleyo nezicwangciso zelizwe, Idityaniswe neemeko zezicelo zexesha elizayo ezifana neerobhothi ezikrelekrele, izixeko ezikrelekrele, uphuhliso lolwandle kunye nophuhliso lweenkwenkwezi, uluntu olukhulu lwedatha kunye nokufakwa ngoomatshini bomntu, Gxininisa kubunjineli kunye noshishino lophando oluphambili lobuchwephesha, Zama ukwenza impumelelo Itekhnoloji yokulungiselela isiseko, izixhobo zokuvelisa ezikrelekrele, izixhobo zovavanyo ezikhethekileyo kunye netekhnoloji yesicelo sezinto ezisebenzayo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezikhanyayo, izixhobo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, izixhobo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, izixhobo zekristale zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, iintsimbi ezicocekileyo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye nethagethi. izixhobo; Ngokusebenzisa i-synchronous innovation ye-industrial chain chain, siya kukhuthaza ukukhuthazwa kunye nokuphunyezwa kweempumelelo eziphambili, Ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwezixhobo eziphambili kwiimfuno eziphambili zeqhinga ezifana namashishini asakhasayo anobuchule, ukhuselo lwesizwe, kunye nokuveliswa ngobukrelekrele, ekugqibeleni, ukuqonda okuzimeleyo. ukunikezelwa kwezinto eziphezulu ezisetyenziswayo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba; Ukuqhuba iithiyori ezisisiseko zomda kunye nophando lovavanyo, Ngokuphonononga olunzulu kunye nokuqokelelwa kwemibuzo yenzululwazi, kwaye ucebise ngeethiyori ezongezelelekileyo, Yenza izinto ezifunyanisiweyo zokuqala, Ufumane ibhetshi yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye nokusetyenziswa okutsha kweziphumo zokuqala; Ukufezekisa ukuguqulwa kweqhinga laseChina ukusuka kumandla omhlaba onqabileyo ukuya kumandla omhlaba anqabileyo, Ukukhokela uphuhliso lwexesha elizayo lobugcisa obunqabileyo bomhlaba kunye noshishino, Ukubonelela ngenkxaso yezinto eziphathekayo ukufezekiswa kwenjongo yeqhinga laseChina "lokumisa phakathi kwelizwe eliphambili ngo-2035".
(2) Isikhokelo sophuhliso esingundoqo
1. Itekhnoloji ephambili yokulungiselela ukusebenza okuphezulu okuphezulu kakhulu okunqabileyo kwezixhobo zamagnetic emhlabeni kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangokulungeleleneyo komhlaba onqabileyo.
Ngokubhekiselele kuluntu olukrelekrele lwexesha elizayo kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu kwemagnethi yezixhobo zemagnethi esisigxina kunye netekhnoloji entsha kunye nezixhobo zemfuno yokwahluka kwemisebenzi yemagnethi esisigxina, ukudibanisa uhlaziyo lolwazi kunye nomthetho wembali wotshintsho lwetekhnoloji, kunye nophuhliso lwangoku lwentsebenzo ephezulu yomhlaba enqabileyo. imathiriyeli yemagnethi esisigxina ukulungiswa okuziinkozo kunye nokunyuswa komda kobuchwepheshe obuphambili obunjengokuqonda, ukuqulunqa umxholo ongundoqo wophuhliso.
(1)Izixhobo zemagnethi ezisisigxina ze-NdFeB: kugxilwe kwitekhnoloji yokulungiselela i-NdfeB ene-sintered kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu okubanzi, uphando kwindlela yokusasazwa komda wekristale yomhlaba onqabileyo onzima kwimagnethi ye-NdFeB, uphando kwitekhnoloji yokubuyisela i-NdFeB kunye nokusetyenziswa, itekhnoloji yokuqikelela ukusebenza kwenkonzo kunye nethiyori ye Sintered NdFeB umazibuthe, njl.
(2)I-Samarium cobalt izixhobo zemagnethi ezisisigxina: kugxilwe kumgaqo osisiseko we-samarium cobalt magnet, ukulawulwa kwe-nanostructure kunye namacandelo e-microregion kulungiselelo lobunjineli bokusebenza okuphezulu kwe-samarium cobalt umazibuthe osisigxina, uphando kwitekhnoloji ye-antioxidant ye-samarium cobalt phezulu. sebenzisa ubushushu, kunye netekhnoloji yokukhusela umphezulu wobushushu obuphezulu be-samarium cobalt umazibuthe osisigxina, njl.
(3)Izixhobo zemagnethi ezisisigxina ze-Thermopress: ingqwalasela kuphando lwe-anisotropy yokwakheka kwendlela yoxinzelelo olushushu olunodonga oluthambileyo lwe-magnetic ring, uphando kwitekhnoloji yokulungiselela ukusebenza okuphezulu komgubo wemagnethi yomsesane oshushu wemagnethi, itekhnoloji yokulungiselela kunye nokusetyenziswa koxinzelelo oluphezulu olushushu olusisigxina lweringi yemagnethi. , izixhobo zokulungiselela ubunjineli kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yenkqubo yokusebenza okuphezulu koxinzelelo olushushu lwe-ring magnetic, njl.
(4) Ubuninzi obuphezulu bezinto zemagnethi ezisisigxina: gxila ekusetyenzisweni okulinganayo kobuninzi obuphezulu (La, Ce, njl.) Umhlaba onqabileyo kwimathiriyeli yemagnethi esisigxina, umatshini wesigaba sesibini sesakhiwo semagnethi ye-cerium kunye nokuphuculwa kwetekhnoloji yamandla okunyanzela.
(5) Ukudibanisa i-gene yezixhobo kunye nokufunda komatshini, ukwenza uyilo lolwakhiwo kunye nokubala kokusebenza kwezinto ezisebenzayo zikamagnetic, kwaye uphonononge inkqubo entsha kunye nolwakhiwo olutsha lwezixhobo zezalathisi zokusebenza eziphambili zemveliso yamandla kamagnetic kunye nokunyanzeliswa okuphezulu kwesizukulwana sokuqala. yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisisigxina zemagneti.
(6) Ngokweempawu zezixhobo zokusebenza zamagnetic, funda imigaqo emitsha kunye nezixhobo ezitsha zokuvavanya nokuvavanya, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe ulahle ukuxhomekeka kohlalutyo kunye nezixhobo zokuvavanya kumazwe angaphandle.
2. Izinto ezintsha ezinqabileyo zemagnethi zomhlaba ezisisigxina kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphambili bosetyenziso olulungiselelweyo
Phantsi kwendlela eqhelekileyo yoqoqosho lwekhabhoni ephantsi etshayela ihlabathi, amazwe kwihlabathi jikelele anika ingqwalasela kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ephantsi njengemimandla ephambili yenzululwazi nethekhinoloji. Imixholo yophuhliso engundoqo ibandakanya: uphuhliso lothutho lukaloliwe olukrelekrele kunye nenkqubo yokwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso ekrelekrele; uphuhliso lwezixhobo zemagnethi ezisisigxina kunye nenkqubo yamandla kazibuthe enetekhnoloji yokumiswa kwemagnethi esisigxina kunye nokuhanjiswa kwemagnethi esisigxina yangoku; ukuphuhliswa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisisigxina zemagneti zokuxhathisa umhlwa osisigxina umazibuthe othe ngqo wejenereyitha ene-Corrosion environment; uphuhliso lwezixhobo zombane ezisisigxina ezinemveliso yamandla kamagnetic, amandla aphezulu okunyanzeliswa, i-miniaturization kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu kweemeko zesicelo ezifana nerobhothi kunye nesixeko esihlakaniphile.
2. Izinto zokukhanya ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo eziphezulu kunye nobuchwepheshe bazo obuphambili bokulungiselela kunye nezixhobo
Ngokunyuka kwemfuno yomgangatho wokukhanya komthombo wokukhanya kwimarike yokukhanyisa i-semiconductor, kuyafuneka ukuba kugxininiswe kuphuhliso lwezixhobo ezikhupha ukukhanya komhlaba ezinqabileyo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye nobuchwepheshe bazo obuphambili bokulungiselela kunye nezixhobo zokuhlangabezana nezicelo kwimimandla yokukhanyisa, ukubonisa. kunye nokufunyanwa kolwazi. Imixholo ephambili yophuhliso ibandakanya: ukuphumelela okuphambili kwezinto ezintsha ezinqabileyo zokukhanya komhlaba ezifana nokukhutshwa okungabonakaliyo kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-upconversion; ukuphuhlisa ithiyori kunye neendlela zobugcisa zokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhutshwa kwe-infrared phantsi kokukhanya kwe-violet; ukuphuhlisa izixhobo zokukhutshwa kwebhanti esebenzayo, umbala ophezulu wobunyulu obuluhlaza kunye nokukhutshwa okubomvu; ukuyila nokuphuhlisa inkqubo yezixhobo ezintsha enamalungelo azimeleyo epropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda usebenzisa umgaqo-siseko wokuhambelana kwesakhiwo kunye nokutshintshwa kwepropathi elinganayo, kunye nokuqhuba uyilo lolwakhiwo olusekelwe kwizinto eziphezulu zokufumana uthotho lwezinto ezintsha ezinqabileyo zomhlaba zokukhanya.
I-4.Itekhnoloji yokulungiselela i-Key yezinto ezinqabileyo ze-catalytic emhlabeni
Izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ze-catalytic zixhobo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu obukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezinto eziphezulu kunye nokukhanya okunqabileyo komhlaba i-lanthanum kunye ne-cerium, ukunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokusombulula ukungalingani kokusetyenziswa komhlaba onqabileyo e-China, ukuphucula amandla kunye nobuchwepheshe bendalo, ukukhuthaza ubomi babantu, kunye nokuphucula indawo yokuhlala yabantu. Imixholo ephambili yophuhliso ibandakanya: uphuhliso lobuchule obuphezulu, ukonga amandla kunye nobomi obude be-petrochemical izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, izixhobo ezicocekileyo zokwenziwa komhlaba ezinqabileyo, ukulawulwa kokungcoliseka kwemoto kunye nolawulo lokungcoliseka kwemizi-mveliso yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye nesitshixo. itekhnoloji yoshishino; Ugxininiso kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji ephambili ye-nano cage indibano yemolekyuli kunye nokulungiswa kwemathiriyeli ye-cerium zirconium enommandla othile ophakamileyo, uphuhliso lwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisebenza kakhulu, kunye nosetyenziso lwesikali kwiindawo ezinqabileyo zokuhlanjululwa komhlaba ezisisiseko kunye neselfowuni. inkqubo ephumayo yomthombo ukuqonda indawo.
5. Izinto eziphucukileyo ezinqabileyo zekristale yomhlaba kunye nethekhnoloji yazo yokulungiselela ishishini
Izinto zekristale zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kukhuselo lwelizwe, izixhobo zenzululwazi ezinqamlezileyo, unyango lwezonyango, ukufumanisa, ukuhlolwa kokhuseleko kunye neminye imimandla. Izinto zekristale zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye netekhnoloji yokulungiselela ishishini yeyona nto iphambili yophuhliso kwixesha elizayo
Ulwalathiso lophuhliso olungundoqo lwekristale yelaser yomhlaba enqabileyo lubandakanya: uphuhliso lobungakanani obukhulu kunye nomgangatho ophezulu onqabileyo wokukhula kwekristale yomhlaba welaser kunye nobuchwepheshe bokucubungula kunye nezixhobo;.
Ukuphuhlisa itekhnoloji yolungiselelo olusebenzayo lomgangatho ophezulu wekristale yelaser yomhlaba enqabileyo kunye nefiber yelaser; iitekhnoloji ezahlukeneyo zesicelo selaser esekwe kwikristale yelaser yomhlaba enqabileyo.
6. Itekhnoloji yokulungiselela i-high-purity yentsimbi ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye neethagethi
Isizukulwana esitsha solwazi lwe-electronics kunye nezixhobo zamandla zezona zikhokelo zesicelo sokucoceka okuphezulu kweentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye neemveliso ezijoliswe kuzo. Kwixesha elizayo, uphando oluphambili kunye nezalathiso zophuhliso lokucoceka okuphezulu kwezixhobo zesinyithi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zibandakanya: ukuphucula ngakumbi ukucoceka kwesinyithi somhlaba esinqabileyo ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-4N5 (99.995%), ukuphuhlisa iindleko eziphantsi kunye nokulungiswa komgangatho we-ultra high high-purity enqabileyo yesinyithi yomhlaba. itekhnoloji yokubonelela ngezixhobo eziphambili zophuhliso lwethagethi yomhlaba ecocekileyo enqabileyo; ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yokulawula ukuhlanjululwa kakuhle kunye nezixhobo ezinkulu zokucoca i-vacuum ezifana nesithando somlilo esikhulu kunye nesithando somlilo sokucoca ikristale enye; uphuhliso lokuhlalutya kunye nokufumanisa itekhnoloji yokulandelela ukungcola kwi-ultra high pure high ezinqabileyo zesinyithi zomhlaba kunye nezinto ezijoliswe kuzo.
(3) Iinjongo zophuhliso
1.2025 injongo: Ukugqiba inguqu yoshishino lomhlaba olunqabileyo ukusuka ekulandeleni ukuya ekuqhubeni nasekuqhubeni
Ngo-2025, iya kuba lilizwe elinamandla kwintsimi yezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba. Kwisizukulwana esitsha setekhnoloji yolwazi, uthutho lwangoku, isizukulwana esitsha sokukhanyisa kunye nomboniso, ukugcinwa kwamandla, ukukhuselwa kwendalo, isekethe edibeneyo, iyeza lebhayoloji, ukhuselo lwesizwe, iimfuno eziphambili zophuhliso, inkosi yokuqala enamalungelo azimeleyo epropathi yengqondo yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba. kunye nethekhnoloji engundoqo engundoqo yezixhobo zokuvelisa, izithuthi zamandla amatsha, i-aerospace, i-servo motor ye-industrial kunye nezinye izixhobo ze-high-end magnetic materials, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisisigxina zemagnethi zokuvelisa izinga lokuphumelela lifikelele kuma-70%. Ukuqhawula ibhetshi kunye neteknoloji yokulungiswa okuzinzileyo kwezinto ezinqabileyo ze-luminescent, kunye nezinga lendawo yokuhlala linyuke ukuya ngaphezu kwe-80%; ukuqhekeza itekhnoloji ephambili yokulungiselela izinto ezintsha ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba ezifana nezixhobo zekristale zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ukucoceka okuphezulu kweentsimbi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye nezinto ezijoliswe kuzo, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zezixhobo zonyango eziphezulu, ukufumanisa okunengqondo, isekethe edibeneyo, njl. ngokuyinxenye buyisela ungeniso; ukuphuhlisa imathiriyeli entsha enqabileyo yokusebenza komhlaba kunye netekhnoloji yokulungiselela, kunye nokwandisa imimandla emitsha yesicelo. Ngowama-2025, i-China iya kukwazi ukulawula inani letekhnoloji engundoqo yezinto ezingundoqo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, kwaye yenze inani lamaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe kunye namaqela oshishino anokhuphiswano olomeleleyo lwamazwe ngamazwe kwimimandla yokhuphiswano. Isikhundla sethu kwikhonkco lexabiso lemveliso yehlabathi siya kuphuculwa kakhulu, kwaye inguqu yeshishini lomhlaba onqabileyo ukusuka ekulandeleni ukuya ekusebenzeni kuya kugqitywa.
Injongo ye-2.2030: Ukwakha i-China ibe ligunya elinqabileyo lehlabathi
Ngo-2030, kwintsimi yezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba, amandla okuvelisa izinto ezintsha aya kuphuculwa kakhulu, kwaye anokukhokelela kuphando lwehlabathi kunye nophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso yezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisisigxina zemagnethi, kwaye ekuqaleni zifezekise injongo yokuba yimveliso yomhlaba enqabileyo yehlabathi. Imagnethi ephezulu yokusebenza esisigxina kwiirobhothi, izixhobo zonyango, i-aerospace, i-Intanethi yezinto, iinqanawa, i-petrochemical kunye nezinye izixhobo eziphambili kunye nesicelo sobunjineli, inkosi enamalungelo azimeleyo epropathi yobukrelekrele bezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye nezixhobo zokuvelisa, izithuthi zamandla amatsha, ukuhambahamba kwe-042 I-aerospace yomoya, i-servo motor ye-industrial kunye nezinye izicelo zemathiriyeli yemagnethi ephezulu, umhlaba onqabileyo wemagnethi osisigxina wemathiriyeli yokubuyisela ukuphumelela ufikelele kuma-80%.
3. Injongo ka-2035: Ukwakha igunya lomhlaba elinqabileyo lehlabathi
Ngo-2035, ukuphumelela okukhulu kuya kwenziwa kwintsimi yezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba, kwaye amandla okuvuselela aya kuphuculwa kakhulu. Inqanaba lokuqamba elipheleleyo kwicandelo lezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba liya kufikelela kumanqanaba amazwe akwinqanaba lehlabathi, ukhuphiswano lulonke luya komelezwa kakhulu, ezinye iingenelo ziya kubumba amandla okutsha okukhokela, kunye nokwakha iChina ibe ligunya lehlabathi kumhlaba onqabileyo osebenzayo. izixhobo.
Imathiriyeli yemagnethi esisigxina yomhlaba enqabileyo, imathiriyeli ye-catalytic, kunye nemathiriyeli ekhanyayo ifikelele kwinqanaba eliphakamileyo lamazwe ngamazwe, ukuzuza ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo. Ireyithi yokuzimela ye-crystals optical functional kunye ne-ultra-pure enqabileyo yomhlaba kwizicelo zokhuselo lwesizwe zikhulu kune-95%; Itekhnoloji engundoqo kunye namalungelo epropathi yobukrelekrele bezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye nezixhobo ezinobunewunewu eziphezulu ezifana neenqwelo zamandla amatsha, ukhuselo lwelizwe, i-aerospace, ukuveliswa ngobukrelekrele, ukhathalelo lwempilo, ubunjineli baseLwandle, ukwenza ibhetshi yezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba, apho amalungelo epropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda wesizukulwana esitsha sezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezisisigxina zemagnethi zisezandleni zase China. I-China imigangatho eyenziwe ngokuzimeleyo i-akhawunti ngaphezu kwe-30% yemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye ibe nezwi ekuqulunqweni kwemigangatho yezinto eziphezulu; hlakulela iitalente ezintsha kunye namaqela ezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba, ukuqonda indlela entsha yophuhliso lokuqhuba usetyenziso olutsha ngezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba, kunye nokuseka inkqubo yeteknoloji ekhokelayo yehlabathi kunye nenkqubo yemizi-mveliso ukubonelela ngeqonga letekhnoloji yokuqala.
4. isindululo somgaqo-nkqubo
Isicwangciso sophuhliso sika-2035 sezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba, ukukhawulezisa ukwakhiwa kwepateni entsha yophuhliso lwenzululwazi kunye neteknoloji yezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba, ukwandisa izixhobo zenzululwazi kunye nezobuchwepheshe kunye nemithombo yabantu kwiindawo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, kunye nokudibanisa "ibhodi ende "inzuzo kwintsimi yomhlaba onqabileyo. Kufuneka uzame ukuphucula isakhono sokuqala sobuchule bokusungula, ubunjineli bomlinganiselo kunye nempumelelo, ukukhuthaza ukwenziwa kohlaza kwezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba, ukuphuhlisa ngamandla ukuhlangabezana nesicelo esikumgangatho ophezulu ngamalungelo azimeleyo epropathi yobukrelekrele bokusebenza okuphezulu okunqabileyo komhlaba okunqabileyo, ukukhanya, umbane kunye ezinye izinto ezintsha ezisebenzayo kunye nobuchwepheshe besicelo, ukuseka izixhobo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zaseChina eziphambili "nge" iqonga lokutsha, ukwakha izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwekhonkco loshishino loqoqosho lwekhabhoni ephantsi, eyenziwe kunye namalungelo epropathi yobukrelekrele ezimeleyo yokusebenza okuphezulu komhlaba onqabileyo kumashishini anobuchule, ngokuthe ngcembe. ziqonde ngamandla okuvelisa umhlaba anqabileyo kumandla omhlaba anqabileyo. Imigaqo-nkqubo ethile kunye nemilinganiselo iyacetyiswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
(1) Ukuqinisa amandla ophando loqikelelo olucwangcisiweyo kunye nenkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo kummandla wezinto ezinqabileyo zokusebenza emhlabeni kwinqanaba lesizwe.
Okokuqala, khawulezisa ukusekwa kwenkqubo yepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda, inkqubo yeteknoloji, inkqubo yetalente kunye nenkqubo yeqonga kwizinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba ezilungelelaniswe kwinqanaba lesizwe.
Okwesibini, ukuqinisa ukuqhubela phambili kunye nokuqhubekeka kokuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso sexesha eliphakathi kunye nexesha elide kwintsimi yezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba, ukwenza ukuxhaswa kombuso wexesha elide kunye nozinzile kwaye ugweme inkxaso ephakathi.
Okwesithathu, ukomeleza ulwazi lokhuseleko lwepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda kwintsimi yezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba, ukuphucula inkqubo yezomthetho kunye nokuphunyezwa kwendlela yokukhusela ipropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda, ukomeleza nokuphumeza amanyathelo enkuthazo kwimisebenzi yokuvelisa izinto ezintsha zabaqambi bemisebenzi, kunye nokuvuselela amandla e-endogenous kunye nokuvela ubugcisa obutsha bezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba kunye namashishini abo.
(2) Yomeleza inkxaso yeqela lenzuzo yomhlaba enqabileyo kunye nokwakhiwa kwethalente yetalente, kunye nokuphucula isakhono sokwenza izinto ezintsha ezizinzileyo zemathiriyeli enqabileyo yokusebenza komhlaba.
Okokuqala, siya kubonelela ngenkxaso yexesha elide kunye nozinzile kumaziko ophando akhuphisanayo kunye namaqela kwintsimi yeenzuzo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, kwaye simise iziseko zeqonga lesizwe lezenzululwazi kunye nezobuchwepheshe kwizinto ezinqabileyo zokusebenza komhlaba kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ngokukhawuleza.
Okwesibini, unikeze umdlalo opheleleyo kwindima yeengcali eziselula kunye neziphakathi ekwakhiweni kweetalente ze-echelon ukuphepha impazamo yetalente kunye nokuchithwa kwezibonelelo zeetalente.
Okwesithathu, kugxininise ekuqeqesheni umqolo omncinci kunye namagcisa asisigxina kwinkalo yezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba. Kwiitalente ezibalaseleyo zobugcisa, umqobo womgaqo-nkqubo wokuvavanya unokukhululeka ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye nje ukuba benza igalelo, banethuba lokuqonda ixabiso lomntu, ukwenzela ukuba iitalente ezikhokelayo zinokukhuthazwa kuphando lwezenzululwazi kunye nemisebenzi yokuvuselela Ukuvela ngokuzenzekelayo.
(3) Ukuqinisa intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe kwinkalo yezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba kunye nokuphucula ukhuphiswano lwehlabathi laseTshayina kwinkalo yezinto ezinqabileyo ezisebenzayo zomhlaba.
Okokuqala, kwimeko yangoku yamazwe ngamazwe, amathuba ahlukeneyo kufuneka asetyenziselwe ukuqhuba ukutshintshiselana kwabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe kunye nenzululwazi yomhlaba enqabileyo kunye notshintshiselwano ngolwazi lwezobuchwepheshe; Isebe lolawulo kufuneka lizame ukuququzelela utshintshiselwano lwezenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe behlabathi, ukukhulula umda wabaphandi ukuba baye kwiinkomfa zezemfundo kunye notshintshiselwano lobugcisa, kwaye uphephe uphando lobugcisa kunye nophuhliso "lokuzithintela" okubangelwa umdla wendawo kunye nesebe.
Okwesibini, ngokwemeko yangoku ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ngelixa someleza ukujikeleza kwangaphakathi kwintsimi yezinto ezinqabileyo zasekhaya ezisebenzayo, kufuneka sizame ukwandisa imarike entsha yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokwandisa ujikelezo lwangaphandle lwamazwe ngamazwe. Kwelinye icala, yomeleza inqanaba lokuvula kwihlabathi langaphandle, gcina kwaye wenze iimeko zokuqaliswa kwamashishini ezicelo ezikumgangatho ophezulu wezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ukwenza ngokusebenzayo kunye nokuseka ipateni entsha yeshishini lezinto ezintsha ezinqabileyo zomhlaba kunye ne uluntu lweteknoloji yomhlaba enqabileyo; kwelinye icala, ukuthomalalisa ngokuphakathi ukungeniswa kwezixhobo ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo lwasekhaya kunye nokusetyenziswa kobutyebi; Kwangaxeshanye, khuthaza amashishini anqabileyo aseTshayina ukuba aphume, afumane, athenge izabelo kwaye enze izinto ezintsha ezinqabileyo zomhlaba ezifana nerobhothi servo motor kunye nemoto yombane yokuqhuba imoto Amashishini anenzuzo yeemveliso zetekhnoloji ephezulu aya kuphucula ishishini kunye nesayensi. kunye nemekobume yophuhliso lwetekhnoloji ekhaya naphesheya, ukuze kunyuswe ukhuphiswano lwehlabathi kwitsheyini yoshishino lwemathiriyeli enqabileyo yaseTshayina kunye nonikezelo.